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Written | Edited by Xueyue | Enzyme Beauty I-The Power of Hunger The 2021 eppendorf Eppendorf & Science Neurobiology Award winner is Dr.
Amber L.
Alhadeff from the Department of Neuroscience of the University of Pennsylvania and the Monell Chemical Senses Center
.
The main research direction is the brain-gut signal and its regulation of eating, pain and other behaviors
.
Amber L.
Alhadeff has elucidated the neuroregulatory mechanism of food intake in the past few decades
.
The knowledge of hunger has changed our view of the world
.
The brain will constantly receive information from other parts of the body
.
It is also very important to understand how the signals generated inside the body affect the neural activity of the brain's eating center .
However, this part has received less attention
.
Amber L.
Alhadeff’s research focuses on the connections between other parts of the body and the brain’s hunger neural circuits, with the goal of exploring how eating encodes hunger neurons and how the activity of these neurons changes the body’s behavior
.
Hunger can filter different sensory information.
How does hunger affect the body's perception of competing signals? Amber L.
Alhadeff first explored the response of hungry mice to different types of sensory stimuli
.
The authors found that food deprivation caused a significant reduction in mice's response to long-term inflammatory pain and itching, but had no significant effect on the ability to respond to thermal and mechanical stimuli
.
These studies show that starvation filters out specific harmful sensory signals
.
Next, the authors study the effects of food deprivation on painful behaviors
.
The neurons in the hypothalamus expressing AgRP (agouti-related protein) are essential for the regulation of food intake in mice
.
This type of neuron is significantly activated when food deprivation occurs
.
The starvation state of animals can inhibit the pain response caused by inflammation, and the inhibitory effect of starvation on pain can be reproduced by light-activating AgRP neurons
.
The author's further study found that only about 300 AgRP neurons in the hypothalamus can project to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) of the hindbrain to inhibit the pain response
.
These studies revealed that the hunger circuit is in the neural hierarchy and clarified the priority order in filtering and processing sensory information in the neural hierarchy
.
The author believes that the use of the hunger circuit can develop a safe and effective method of suppressing pain
.
Determining the precise regulation mechanism of the hunger circuit can greatly improve the ability to suppress pain
.
Original link: https:// Intestinal-brain signals and food intake hunger circuits can have a profound effect on the body's sensory response, but how does sensory stimulation affect the neural activity of the hunger circuit? The author explored how sensory signals from the gastrointestinal tract affect the activity of hypothalamic neurons
.
The visual, taste, and olfactory stimulation of food, as well as the nutritional content of food, will affect nerve activity and animal behavior
.
By giving caloric foods and non-caloric foods, the authors found that calories are indispensable for maintaining low levels of AgRP neurons
.
If food is injected directly into the stomach, it can also inhibit the activity of AgRP neurons
.
This also shows that it is necessary for heat to mediate these changes
.
And which brain-gut pathways through which nutritional signals inhibit AgRP neurons? Studies have found that fat inhibits the activity of AgRP neurons through vagus nerve signal transduction, while sugar inhibits the activity of AgRP neurons without the vagus nerve, but sends sensory signals through the spinal cord to act on the hypothalamic hungry neurons
.
These studies shed light on the ways in which different nutrients affect brain responsiveness
.
Exploring how intestinal signals act on the brain's feeding center is of great significance for the treatment of weight-related diseases
.
For example, understanding how the brain-gut pathway is regulated by specific nutrients helps to understand which foods are more beneficial for treatment
.
To clarify the AgRP neuron inhibition pathway can help relieve the negative emotions related to hunger and improve the weight loss experience of patients
.
Original link: https:// Constantly uncovered
.
However, due to its complexity and the multiplicity of interactions, our understanding of this aspect is still very imperfect
.
Amber L.
Alhadeff proposed that their research will focus on this direction in the future, hoping to lay the foundation for the development of related treatments for the benefit of mankind
.
II-The "Privilege" of the brain Justin Rustenhoven For a long time, we believe that due to the limitations of the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, it is difficult for immune cells to penetrate into the central nervous system, so it is difficult for the brain and spinal cord to produce an effective immune response to meet challenges
.
This is the special feature of the brain
.
Justin Rustenhoven’s work revealed that the dural venous sinuses are the intersection of neuroimmunity, where circulating T cells monitor neoantigens in the brain or cerebrospinal fluid for immune inspections and regulatory responses
.
This junction of neuroimmunity gradually changes with aging, and neuroinflammatory response can be used as one of the new therapeutic targets for neurological diseases
.
III-Where is Andreas J.
Keller Waldo hidden in the simple "seeing"? How do we see what we want to see from the chaotic environment? Keller’s research helps us understand what “seeming” seems to be simple
.
First, their research revealed that the perceived visual stimulus is affected by the stimulus scene
.
Through optical recording, manipulation, and computational simulation modeling experiments, the structure shows that an inhibitory circuit composed of inhibitory neurons expressed by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SOM) can be adjusted according to the similarity between the stimulus and the surrounding scene.
The response in the mouse visual cortex is mainly stimulated repeatedly through regulation
.
Secondly, their research also shows that there is a second stimulus-receiving area generated by visual feedback projection in the visual cortex, which helps us obtain missing information through context
.
Original link: 1.
http://doi.
org/10.
1126/science.
abl71212.
http://doi.
org/10.
1126/science.
abl71223.
http://doi.
org/10.
1126/science.
abl7124 Plate maker: Ten 1.
Instructions for reprinting [Original Articles] BioArt original articles are welcome to be shared by individuals.
Reprinting is prohibited without permission.
The copyrights of all published works are owned by BioArt
.
BioArt reserves all statutory rights and offenders must be investigated
.
Amber L.
Alhadeff from the Department of Neuroscience of the University of Pennsylvania and the Monell Chemical Senses Center
.
The main research direction is the brain-gut signal and its regulation of eating, pain and other behaviors
.
Amber L.
Alhadeff has elucidated the neuroregulatory mechanism of food intake in the past few decades
.
The knowledge of hunger has changed our view of the world
.
The brain will constantly receive information from other parts of the body
.
It is also very important to understand how the signals generated inside the body affect the neural activity of the brain's eating center .
However, this part has received less attention
.
Amber L.
Alhadeff’s research focuses on the connections between other parts of the body and the brain’s hunger neural circuits, with the goal of exploring how eating encodes hunger neurons and how the activity of these neurons changes the body’s behavior
.
Hunger can filter different sensory information.
How does hunger affect the body's perception of competing signals? Amber L.
Alhadeff first explored the response of hungry mice to different types of sensory stimuli
.
The authors found that food deprivation caused a significant reduction in mice's response to long-term inflammatory pain and itching, but had no significant effect on the ability to respond to thermal and mechanical stimuli
.
These studies show that starvation filters out specific harmful sensory signals
.
Next, the authors study the effects of food deprivation on painful behaviors
.
The neurons in the hypothalamus expressing AgRP (agouti-related protein) are essential for the regulation of food intake in mice
.
This type of neuron is significantly activated when food deprivation occurs
.
The starvation state of animals can inhibit the pain response caused by inflammation, and the inhibitory effect of starvation on pain can be reproduced by light-activating AgRP neurons
.
The author's further study found that only about 300 AgRP neurons in the hypothalamus can project to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) of the hindbrain to inhibit the pain response
.
These studies revealed that the hunger circuit is in the neural hierarchy and clarified the priority order in filtering and processing sensory information in the neural hierarchy
.
The author believes that the use of the hunger circuit can develop a safe and effective method of suppressing pain
.
Determining the precise regulation mechanism of the hunger circuit can greatly improve the ability to suppress pain
.
Original link: https:// Intestinal-brain signals and food intake hunger circuits can have a profound effect on the body's sensory response, but how does sensory stimulation affect the neural activity of the hunger circuit? The author explored how sensory signals from the gastrointestinal tract affect the activity of hypothalamic neurons
.
The visual, taste, and olfactory stimulation of food, as well as the nutritional content of food, will affect nerve activity and animal behavior
.
By giving caloric foods and non-caloric foods, the authors found that calories are indispensable for maintaining low levels of AgRP neurons
.
If food is injected directly into the stomach, it can also inhibit the activity of AgRP neurons
.
This also shows that it is necessary for heat to mediate these changes
.
And which brain-gut pathways through which nutritional signals inhibit AgRP neurons? Studies have found that fat inhibits the activity of AgRP neurons through vagus nerve signal transduction, while sugar inhibits the activity of AgRP neurons without the vagus nerve, but sends sensory signals through the spinal cord to act on the hypothalamic hungry neurons
.
These studies shed light on the ways in which different nutrients affect brain responsiveness
.
Exploring how intestinal signals act on the brain's feeding center is of great significance for the treatment of weight-related diseases
.
For example, understanding how the brain-gut pathway is regulated by specific nutrients helps to understand which foods are more beneficial for treatment
.
To clarify the AgRP neuron inhibition pathway can help relieve the negative emotions related to hunger and improve the weight loss experience of patients
.
Original link: https:// Constantly uncovered
.
However, due to its complexity and the multiplicity of interactions, our understanding of this aspect is still very imperfect
.
Amber L.
Alhadeff proposed that their research will focus on this direction in the future, hoping to lay the foundation for the development of related treatments for the benefit of mankind
.
II-The "Privilege" of the brain Justin Rustenhoven For a long time, we believe that due to the limitations of the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, it is difficult for immune cells to penetrate into the central nervous system, so it is difficult for the brain and spinal cord to produce an effective immune response to meet challenges
.
This is the special feature of the brain
.
Justin Rustenhoven’s work revealed that the dural venous sinuses are the intersection of neuroimmunity, where circulating T cells monitor neoantigens in the brain or cerebrospinal fluid for immune inspections and regulatory responses
.
This junction of neuroimmunity gradually changes with aging, and neuroinflammatory response can be used as one of the new therapeutic targets for neurological diseases
.
III-Where is Andreas J.
Keller Waldo hidden in the simple "seeing"? How do we see what we want to see from the chaotic environment? Keller’s research helps us understand what “seeming” seems to be simple
.
First, their research revealed that the perceived visual stimulus is affected by the stimulus scene
.
Through optical recording, manipulation, and computational simulation modeling experiments, the structure shows that an inhibitory circuit composed of inhibitory neurons expressed by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SOM) can be adjusted according to the similarity between the stimulus and the surrounding scene.
The response in the mouse visual cortex is mainly stimulated repeatedly through regulation
.
Secondly, their research also shows that there is a second stimulus-receiving area generated by visual feedback projection in the visual cortex, which helps us obtain missing information through context
.
Original link: 1.
http://doi.
org/10.
1126/science.
abl71212.
http://doi.
org/10.
1126/science.
abl71223.
http://doi.
org/10.
1126/science.
abl7124 Plate maker: Ten 1.
Instructions for reprinting [Original Articles] BioArt original articles are welcome to be shared by individuals.
Reprinting is prohibited without permission.
The copyrights of all published works are owned by BioArt
.
BioArt reserves all statutory rights and offenders must be investigated
.
