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Editor’s note iNature is China’s largest academic official account.
It is jointly created by the doctoral team of Tsinghua University, Harvard University, Chinese Academy of Sciences and other units.
The iNature Talent Official Account is now launched, focusing on talent recruitment, academic progress, scientific research information, interested parties can Long press or scan the QR code below to follow us.
The iNature human gut microbiome is composed of 100 trillion microorganisms and thousands of bacteria.
They play a vital role in the host's immune regulation, nutritional metabolism, maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier structure and resisting pathogens.
Methods that can maintain the homeostasis of the intestinal flora to prevent the transfer and infection of bacteria under external threats are critical to many aspects of human health, but there are few reports.
On May 12, 2021, Liu Jinyao's team from Shanghai Jiaotong University published a research paper titled "Mucosal immunity–mediated modulation of the gut microbiome by oral delivery of probiotics into Peyer's patches" online in Science Advances.
Oral delivery of probiotics to Peyer's patch induces mucosal immunity to regulate the intestinal flora.
The probiotics are individually buried in the yeast membrane, and the β-glucan embedded on it can promote the phagocytosis of the microfolded cells located in the intestinal epithelium.
After oral ingestion, delivery of probiotics to lymphoid follicles can promote a strong mucosal immune response and significantly increase the production of secretory immunoglobulin A.
The stimulated immunity can actively regulate the intestinal flora, thereby maintaining intestinal homeostasis and resisting environmental invasion.
In two mouse models of intestinal barrier dysfunction, oral probiotics can effectively prevent the destruction of intestinal barrier function and systemic inflammation.
The human intestinal microbiome is composed of 100 trillion microorganisms and thousands of bacteria.
They play a vital role in the host's immune regulation, nutrient metabolism, maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier structure and resisting pathogens.
Advances in gene sequencing technology and big data analysis have provided more and more evidence that the composition of the intestinal flora is related to the health of the host and also affects the host's response to drugs.
Unfortunately, many external factors, such as diet, antibiotics and pathogen invasion, may change the microbial ecology and cause changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiome.
According to reports, the microbial community is not only related to gastrointestinal diseases, such as intestinal barrier dysfunction, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, but also related to a variety of extraintestinal diseases, including diabetes, neurological diseases, arthritis, liver cancer and Severe gastrointestinal disease.
Therefore, methods that can maintain the normal homeostasis of the intestinal flora under environmental aggressions play a central role in human health and may change our ability to prevent and treat diseases.
The plasticity of the microbiota creates unique opportunities to reshape the intestinal microbial structure and related biological output by manipulating external factors.
The introduction of specific nutrients, natural nucleic acids and a variety of synthetic materials have been used to alleviate the imbalance of the intestinal microflora.
In addition, the transplantation of beneficial bacteria including oral probiotics and fecal microbiota has been widely used to restore a healthy microbial population.
Considering the concept of repopulating the gut microbiome, fecal microbiota transplantation has attracted increasing interest and quickly accepted in the past decade.
Since fecal flora transplantation was successfully used to treat Clostridium difficile infection, it has been recommended for the treatment of inflammation, autoimmune diseases, metabolic dysfunction and certain allergic diseases.
However, the patient's unwillingness to increase the intake due to the invasive enteral route of intake through the naso-intestinal tube or endoscope has largely limited a wide range of clinical practice.
In addition to low compliance, uncertain compositions inevitably lead to gastrointestinal irritation, potential complications, and the risk of serious or life-threatening infections.
As a result, for the effective regulation of the intestinal microbiome, only simple operating procedures and alternative intervention strategies that can eliminate safety issues are highly needed.
The immune system is considered to be one of the most critical forces in shaping the structure of the intestinal flora through immune-microbiome crosstalk.
Epithelial cells secrete antimicrobial peptides and pattern recognition receptors encoded by germ cells can both mediate and affect the colonization of intestinal microbes.
In addition to controlling the central role of the microbiome through epithelial cells, innate lymphoid cells are also important regulators of microbial ecology.
They are regulated by secreting cytokines such as interleukins, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) Bacteria composition.
Similar to the function of the innate immune system, more and more evidence shows that the adaptive immune system plays an important role in controlling the intestinal microbiome.
In particular, B cells produce secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) that can target specific bacteria and their functions, which is a major factor in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
Here, the study reported the positive regulation of the intestinal flora by stimulating the intestinal mucosal immunity.
Considering that antigen sampling via microfolded cells (M cells) is the main way to initiate mucosal immune responses, live probiotics in disguise are designed for oral delivery to Peyer's patches (PPs).
Beneficial bacteria are individually camouflaged in the yeast membrane (YM) through the physical co-extrusion of the porous membrane.
Because of the embedded β-glucan on YMs, after oral administration of bacteria, the coated bacteria can promote Dectin-1 receptor-mediated M cell phagocytosis in intestinal epithelial cells.
Effective delivery of live bacteria to lymphoid follicles can enhance the strong mucosal immune response, which is achieved by the significant increase in the levels of sIgA, CD11c + dendritic cells (DC), CD4 + T cells and IgA + B cells in the intestine The embodiment.
The enhanced immunity favorably regulates the microbiota; in particular, pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli have been greatly suppressed, while symbiotic bacteria have been successfully retained in the infected intestine.
Maintaining the microbial structure can prevent intestinal disorders and in turn defend against external stimuli.
In two mouse models of intestinal barrier dysfunction, treatment with camouflaged bacteria can effectively alleviate the damage of the intestinal barrier and show reduced intestinal permeability.
This research work reveals how the composition and function of the gut microbiome can be preserved under environmental invasion, and proposes a unique platform to develop advanced oral therapeutics to prevent bacteria-mediated prevention and treatment.
Reference message: https://advances.
sciencemag.
org/content/7/20/eabf0677
It is jointly created by the doctoral team of Tsinghua University, Harvard University, Chinese Academy of Sciences and other units.
The iNature Talent Official Account is now launched, focusing on talent recruitment, academic progress, scientific research information, interested parties can Long press or scan the QR code below to follow us.
The iNature human gut microbiome is composed of 100 trillion microorganisms and thousands of bacteria.
They play a vital role in the host's immune regulation, nutritional metabolism, maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier structure and resisting pathogens.
Methods that can maintain the homeostasis of the intestinal flora to prevent the transfer and infection of bacteria under external threats are critical to many aspects of human health, but there are few reports.
On May 12, 2021, Liu Jinyao's team from Shanghai Jiaotong University published a research paper titled "Mucosal immunity–mediated modulation of the gut microbiome by oral delivery of probiotics into Peyer's patches" online in Science Advances.
Oral delivery of probiotics to Peyer's patch induces mucosal immunity to regulate the intestinal flora.
The probiotics are individually buried in the yeast membrane, and the β-glucan embedded on it can promote the phagocytosis of the microfolded cells located in the intestinal epithelium.
After oral ingestion, delivery of probiotics to lymphoid follicles can promote a strong mucosal immune response and significantly increase the production of secretory immunoglobulin A.
The stimulated immunity can actively regulate the intestinal flora, thereby maintaining intestinal homeostasis and resisting environmental invasion.
In two mouse models of intestinal barrier dysfunction, oral probiotics can effectively prevent the destruction of intestinal barrier function and systemic inflammation.
The human intestinal microbiome is composed of 100 trillion microorganisms and thousands of bacteria.
They play a vital role in the host's immune regulation, nutrient metabolism, maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier structure and resisting pathogens.
Advances in gene sequencing technology and big data analysis have provided more and more evidence that the composition of the intestinal flora is related to the health of the host and also affects the host's response to drugs.
Unfortunately, many external factors, such as diet, antibiotics and pathogen invasion, may change the microbial ecology and cause changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiome.
According to reports, the microbial community is not only related to gastrointestinal diseases, such as intestinal barrier dysfunction, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, but also related to a variety of extraintestinal diseases, including diabetes, neurological diseases, arthritis, liver cancer and Severe gastrointestinal disease.
Therefore, methods that can maintain the normal homeostasis of the intestinal flora under environmental aggressions play a central role in human health and may change our ability to prevent and treat diseases.
The plasticity of the microbiota creates unique opportunities to reshape the intestinal microbial structure and related biological output by manipulating external factors.
The introduction of specific nutrients, natural nucleic acids and a variety of synthetic materials have been used to alleviate the imbalance of the intestinal microflora.
In addition, the transplantation of beneficial bacteria including oral probiotics and fecal microbiota has been widely used to restore a healthy microbial population.
Considering the concept of repopulating the gut microbiome, fecal microbiota transplantation has attracted increasing interest and quickly accepted in the past decade.
Since fecal flora transplantation was successfully used to treat Clostridium difficile infection, it has been recommended for the treatment of inflammation, autoimmune diseases, metabolic dysfunction and certain allergic diseases.
However, the patient's unwillingness to increase the intake due to the invasive enteral route of intake through the naso-intestinal tube or endoscope has largely limited a wide range of clinical practice.
In addition to low compliance, uncertain compositions inevitably lead to gastrointestinal irritation, potential complications, and the risk of serious or life-threatening infections.
As a result, for the effective regulation of the intestinal microbiome, only simple operating procedures and alternative intervention strategies that can eliminate safety issues are highly needed.
The immune system is considered to be one of the most critical forces in shaping the structure of the intestinal flora through immune-microbiome crosstalk.
Epithelial cells secrete antimicrobial peptides and pattern recognition receptors encoded by germ cells can both mediate and affect the colonization of intestinal microbes.
In addition to controlling the central role of the microbiome through epithelial cells, innate lymphoid cells are also important regulators of microbial ecology.
They are regulated by secreting cytokines such as interleukins, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) Bacteria composition.
Similar to the function of the innate immune system, more and more evidence shows that the adaptive immune system plays an important role in controlling the intestinal microbiome.
In particular, B cells produce secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) that can target specific bacteria and their functions, which is a major factor in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
Here, the study reported the positive regulation of the intestinal flora by stimulating the intestinal mucosal immunity.
Considering that antigen sampling via microfolded cells (M cells) is the main way to initiate mucosal immune responses, live probiotics in disguise are designed for oral delivery to Peyer's patches (PPs).
Beneficial bacteria are individually camouflaged in the yeast membrane (YM) through the physical co-extrusion of the porous membrane.
Because of the embedded β-glucan on YMs, after oral administration of bacteria, the coated bacteria can promote Dectin-1 receptor-mediated M cell phagocytosis in intestinal epithelial cells.
Effective delivery of live bacteria to lymphoid follicles can enhance the strong mucosal immune response, which is achieved by the significant increase in the levels of sIgA, CD11c + dendritic cells (DC), CD4 + T cells and IgA + B cells in the intestine The embodiment.
The enhanced immunity favorably regulates the microbiota; in particular, pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli have been greatly suppressed, while symbiotic bacteria have been successfully retained in the infected intestine.
Maintaining the microbial structure can prevent intestinal disorders and in turn defend against external stimuli.
In two mouse models of intestinal barrier dysfunction, treatment with camouflaged bacteria can effectively alleviate the damage of the intestinal barrier and show reduced intestinal permeability.
This research work reveals how the composition and function of the gut microbiome can be preserved under environmental invasion, and proposes a unique platform to develop advanced oral therapeutics to prevent bacteria-mediated prevention and treatment.
Reference message: https://advances.
sciencemag.
org/content/7/20/eabf0677
