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Written by Zhou Wenliang - Wang Sizhen, Fang Yiyi edited - Summer leaf
reward is a major driver of
animal learning.
Dopaminergic neuronal activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain has been shown to be an important reward processing mechanism
in the brain.
In Pavlov's conditioning, the dopamine system of untrained animals did not respond to signals (cue), but to reward
.
After repeated training, the activity of dopaminergic neurons readjusts to the signals that predict the reward and no longer responds
to the reward itself.
When quantifying rewards further, it was found that dopaminergic neurons re-emerged a certain amount of response in response to larger rewards; And when dealing with smaller or losing rewards, turn down the basic tonic activity
.
This is the basis of Wolfram Schultz's reward prediction error hypothesis.
[1]
This hypothesis has been a great success
.
However, one important mechanism has so far not been experimentally verified
.
That is, there must be a measure of neural activity that encodes the primary reward value
.
Only with the presence of reward metric codes can dopamine activity predict a certain measure of reward, and can also compare the error of predicted quantity and immediate quantity, so as to correct future predictive activities
.
Recently, the team of Yale University Marina Picciotto presented a presentation in Science Advances Research paper on "Activity of a direct VTA to ventral pallidum GABA pathway encodes unconditioned reward value and sustains motivation for reward".
They identified a neural pathway in the mouse brain whose electrical activity responds to the animal's ability to receive/enjoy a reward in response to a signal in response to a food reward, and encodes measures of reward in terms of the intensity of electrical activity, including the quantity and quality of the reward ( food palatability）
。 On the other hand, the encoding activity of this neural pathway is stable, does not change with the animal's energy input, does not change with the time course of training, and does not turn to respond/encode signals
.
Therefore, the coding function of this neural pathway is likely to complement this important experimental evidence
for the prediction error hypothesis.
Dopaminergic neurons in the limbic system are derived from midbrain VTA
.
They participate in both direct and indirect pathways, and their signals are relayed by GABAergic neurons in nucleus accumbens and eventually into ventral pallidum VP) to regulate animal movement and behavior
.
Picciotto's team has reported that a large number of GABA-erupted neurons in the VTA are directly projected into VP [2], leading to conjectures: from The information carried by VTA through different pathways and different types of neurotransmitters eventually flows into the output terminal of the same limbic nervous system: the ventral globus pallidus, so are the information transmitted by these two pathways redundant with each other, or is there a division of labor? Are they involved in regulating the same or different physiological functions? In the paper reported this time, these questions are initially explored
.
This study first tracked VTA GABAergic axons to project, not just pathway, VP.
A Cre-dependent fluorescent protein-expressing virus was used to infect mice with the Cre-labeled GAD65 (GAD65-Cre).
VTA, which found that the axons of VTA GABAergic neurons form a distinct projection band and terminate in the VP region (Figure 1B).
。 Electrophysiologically injected biocytin into the neurons of dorsal VP and colored, and these axons were found to form typical peripheral structures that envelop neuronal cells and proximal dendrites within VP (Figure 1C).
。 Further studies showed that VTA GABAergic neurons mainly form synaptic connections with local GABAergic neurons in VP, and also express CaMK2 with other acetylcholinergic neurons of neurons have synaptic connections
.
Fig.
1 Axons of VTA GABAergic neurons are projected onto VP (Source: Zhou et al.
, Sci Adv.
, 2022).
To confirm that VTA GABAergic neurons are functional synaptic junctions with target cells of VP, the authors </b110 in <b1102>GAD-Cre mice3> virus the Acute brain of VP and recording the electrophysiological response The () task ( a the of , seconds of the signal, one cue ( changing the amount of reward (Figure from What effect does the ( within this neuron and recorded VP ).
, ) changes in the electrical activity of neurons within animal some neurons in VP produced an activity peak and 5 pathway from ( activity to to stimulate the electrical activity of this pathway in (Figure and 6 Electrical activity of pathway from Electrical activity from the of the neuronal activity pattern in , efficiency and performance of animals in the Marina
About the author: Marina Picciotto
Charles B.
G.
Murphy Professor, Yale University
Editor-in-Chief, The Journal of Neuroscience
President-elect, Society for Neuroscience (2023)
Selected Past Articles [1] Brain Stimu-Rong Peijing's research group suggests that percutaneous auricular electrical stimulation improves cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive dysfunction[2] Cereb Cortex-Jiang Tianzai's team reports on children's atlas of brain networks based on structural connections [3] Neurobiol Dis—Li Chen/ Li Wei's research team revealed the sensitivity of IC→PVT→BNST neural circuits to regulate the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders[4]HBM | Highly connected and highly variable: supporting the resting core brain network of propofol-induced loss of consciousness[5] NPP-Xu Yun's research group revealed that prefrontal cortex, small albumin-positive interneurons play an important role in the regulation of mood disorders in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease[6] Nat Neurosci Review—Overview of Presynaptic Optogenetic Tools[7]Neural Regen Reviews Review—Role and potential of microglial polarization and dialogue with other cells in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease[8] Nat Commun—Chu Jun's research group has developed a new high-performance genetically encoded cAMP fluorescent probe [9] Mol Neurobiol—Zhu Lixin/Guo Jiasong's team reveals the important role of the basement membrane protein Perlecan in the recovery of blood-spinal cord barrier function after spinal cord injury[10] Transl Psychiatry—Yang Xun's team reveals different neural mechanisms of schizophrenia in the stage of reward expectation and reward outcomeRecommendation of high-quality scientific research training courses[1] Symposium on Single Cell Sequencing and Spatial Transcriptomics Data Analysis (October 29-30, Tencent Online Conference) Conference/Forum/Symposium Preview [1] Immune Zoom Seminar—Screening of B Cells in Immunity and Nervous System (Prof.
Heping Xu) [2] Academic Conference—2022 Symposium on Neural Circuit Tracing Technology and Notice of the Second Round of the 6th National Training Course on Neural Circuit Tracing Technology[3] Roundtable—Xu Fuqiang/Jia Yichang/Han Lanqing/Cai Lei and others to discuss gene therapy innovation in neurodegenerative diseases and ophthalmic diseasesWelcome to join "Logical Neuroscience"[1]" Logical Neuroscience "Editorial/Operation Positions ( Online office)[2] Talent recruitment—" Logical Neuroscience "Recruitment article interpretation/writing position ( Network part-time, online office)
Reference:
[1] W.
Schultz, P.
Dayan, P.
R.
Montague, A neural substrate of prediction and reward.
Science 275, 1593-1599 (1997).
[2] S.
R.
Taylor et al.
, GABAergic and glutamatergic efferents of the mouse ventral tegmental area.
J Comp Neurol 522, 3308-3334 (2014).
[3] R.
D.
Palmiter, Dopamine signaling in the dorsal striatum is essential for motivated behaviors: lessons from dopamine-deficient mice.
Ann N Y Acad Sci 1129, 35-46 (2008).
End of this article
