Review of world science and technology development in 2010

America Life recognition has entered a new stage, NDA damage can be detected quickly, cancer can be dealt with with with "cocktail", paste a patch to help immunity, old drugs can be used to kill AIDS, access to stem cells is simpler, medical diagnosis technology has new ways, treatment means nano In terms of understanding life, American biologists have created the first bacteria completely controlled by artificial gene instructions in the laboratory The mitochondrial genome of experimental mice was synthesized from 8 DNA fragments composed of 60 nucleotides Scientists say the lab's use of mouse cells to grow synthetic mouse livers that break down toxins marks progress in "custom organ" technology; stem cells are made from the skin cells of the dead baboon The first prototype of implantable artificial kidney was released The artificial kidney contains thousands of micro filters and bioreactors, which can filter toxins in the blood, simulate the metabolic function and water balance function of the real kidney; the artificial ovary is made, which is the first time that human beings have made a three-dimensional body tissue structure, and also the first time that human beings can fully undertake the function of the body tissue The invention of a skin "printer" which can be directly used for wound surface has realized the artificial manufacturing of skin tissue In May this year, the East Virginia Medical College ushered in a baby boy born from an embryo frozen for nearly 20 years, breaking the previous record of 13 years of embryo freezing By turning on a telomerase gene in premature aging mice, the aging process of mice was reversed, and the organs of mice were regenerated The shrinking brain volume increased, and fertility was restored In the aspect of DNA research, the "translocation" process of single strand DNA when it passes through carbon nanotubes is revealed This research lays the foundation for the realization of high-speed and low-cost one-to-one gene sequencing, as well as the improvement of individualized treatment to cure more diseases; the transformation of 30-year-old comet assay into a new analytical technology can not only accelerate the process of DNA damage analysis, but also be applied to epidemiology and drug screening The spider man, a molecular robot made of DNA, is programmed to control its movement along the DNA orbit This technological progress may allow scientists to eventually build molecular level self-assembly robots; find the best way to develop DNA self-assembly materials, and determine that the optimal length of DNA strand for self-assembly should be between 10 and 30 bases This method has important value in many fields such as drug delivery and molecular sensor In the treatment of cancer, we have developed nano scale anti-cancer "cocktail therapy" This is the first time to combine nanoparticles with different functions to form a nano collaborative treatment system, which can locate cancer in the blood and release anticancer drugs to achieve the goal of eliminating cancer; it is the first time to confirm that the targeted nanoparticles can be transmitted to the tumor, release double stranded small interfering RNA (siRNAs), and use RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism to close an important Cancer genes The whole genome of brain cancer cell line was sequenced on U87 glioma cell line for the first time This is the most thorough sequencing analysis of a single cancer cell line, revealing almost all potential chromosomal translocations and gene deletions and mutations that lead to the development of the cancer It is found that the combination of transferrin and nanoparticles can target and kill Ramos cancer cells, and the new discovery is expected to develop a new cancer targeted treatment strategy, with less side effects; for the first time, human normal cells are transformed into three-dimensional cancer cells in a tissue culture dish, and the research results provide a new way to observe how cells divide and invade surrounding tissues; and a new way is developed In order to block the B-Raf mutation, which is closely related to malignant melanoma, scientists believe that this achievement is comparable to the discovery of penicillin In terms of virus, the invention consists of hundreds of micro needles to form "patch vaccine" When applied to the skin, the microneedles will penetrate into the outer layer of the skin and dissolve, releasing a certain dose of influenza vaccine at the same time It was found that antiretroviral drugs could reduce the risk and transmission rate of AIDS to a certain extent This is the first time that regular drug use can partially reduce the incidence of AIDS in men Transmission in high risk groups of gay and bisexual men It reveals the mechanism of T cell blocking HIV: prothymosin - α host protein plays an important role in the inhibition of HIV replication; two antibodies VRC01 and VRC02, which can effectively neutralize HIV, are found to prevent more than 90% of known HIV strains from invading human cells; it is found that cytidine and Jianze can kill HIV This is the first time that people have found a way to deal with HIV without toxic side effects In stem cell research, the U.S District Court issued a temporary ban on stem cell research On August 23, the District Court of the District of Columbia banned federal funding for human embryonic stem cell research on the grounds of destroying human embryos Although it is only a temporary ban, it still arouses great repercussions in American society Transforming mouse skin cells into neural cells bypassed the process of inducing pluripotent stem cells These new nerve cells not only have complete functions, but also can form synapses with other nerve cells in the laboratory They are called "induced nerve cells" by scientists Using protein can increase the number of stem cells per kilogram of cord blood from 200000 to 600 million; using adult cells and growth factor LIF, scientists have developed new human multi-functional stem cells, which are easier to control than the stem cells currently used In the field of medical diagnosis, V-shaped nano transistors that can easily enter the cell interior for detection are manufactured The nano field effect sensor can measure cells with a diameter of 5 μ m without any visible damage It is found that the painless Raman laser beam can detect the initial signs of cancer, which may soon replace X-ray as a non-invasive diagnostic method By using follicle stimulating hormone receptor, we found a variety of universal cancer markers in human body, and with the help of scanning method, we can make various types of cancer "appear" In the aspect of disease treatment, RNA molecules with nanometer size and disease resistance are self-assembled into scaffolds with therapeutic effect The scaffolds are only 13nm in diameter and consist of short chain oligonucleotides In addition to making nano sensors, scaffolds can also be used as "bridges" to deliver antiviral drugs to the human body Biomolecules were successfully placed in Nanosprings The nano spring can expand the surface area of drug contacting with other substances to the maximum extent in the micro reactor, so it can be used as a high-efficiency catalyst carrier to speed up the chemical reaction In a cell-like membrane, a nanotransistor that can be driven by fuel inside the cell is implanted This technology can be used to create a new human-computer interface The implanted device can convey the internal working information of disease-related proteins in the cell membrane, and finally create a new method that can read or even affect the brain or nerve cells New research has built an unprecedented bond between life and machines Britain A large number of new genes have been found and a key step has been taken in stem cell research Liu Haiying (our correspondent in the UK) has found many genes related to human health, such as genes related to myopia, genes related to asthma, genes related to a variety of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria, genes related to lipid metabolism, etc By using gene sequencing technology, scientists have mapped the gene map of the birds, apples, Artemisia, wheat and other animals and plants The first human stem cell treatment trial in the UK was approved by MHRA in October 2010 The experiment is aimed at macular degeneration, the most common eye disease among the elderly in western countries, which means that stem cells have finally embarked on the road of "changing medicine" The UK's £ 3 million artificial blood project has also achieved phased results, with scientists using embryonic stem cells to make red blood cells for the first time The research achievements in the field of stem cells also include: successfully transforming the thymus stem cells of experimental mice into hair follicle cells, taking an important step in the research of organ tissue regeneration; using the technology of induced multifunctional stem cells, successfully cultivating the skin cells of patients with liver diseases into liver cells, which is very helpful for the treatment of specific patients with liver diseases In addition, British scientists have developed a new technology that can use plant stem cells to produce paclitaxel This technology can greatly reduce the extraction cost of paclitaxel and other plant medicinal ingredients, which will bring hope for the treatment of cancer and other diseases to some extent France It was found that the symmetry substance of vertebrate body was affected, the drug-resistant super bacteria were found, the molecules that blocked the spread of HIV were synthesized, the key genes that activated the respiratory system of newborn mice were found, new methods of anti-cancer were found, and the mechanism of virus invasion into cells was revealed Li Zhao (our correspondent in France) found that vitamin A acid played a key role in ensuring body symmetry, which provided a new way to understand the formation of vertebrate body symmetry and prevent body development abnormality A molecule was synthesized to prevent HIV from contacting with lymphoid TCD4 +, and to prevent HIV from spreading between cells A gene has been tested in mice that helps newborn mice breathe with their lungs If the gene encoding the synthetic tshhz3 protein is not expressed in the cells of mouse pups, the mice will suffocate and die a few minutes after birth The researchers believe that this is the key to the survival of mammals after birth It was found that a bacterial strain with NDM-1 gene was found in the skin sample of an injured person, but the resistance of these strains was not strong, and the injured person was not infected It is found that the adipose tissue of mice can generate immune cells against allergy and inflammation, which is helpful for the development of new drugs It was found that lycopene was helpful to prevent type II diabetes and other obesity related diseases It is found that the derivatives of rosmarinine have special curative effect on many kinds of cancer, which will contribute to the development of new anticancer drugs The 3D structure of the protein on the surface of Chikungunya virus was revealed, and the mechanism of the virus invading cells was mastered This discovery will contribute to the development of new antiviral drugs Germany It is the first time to directly measure the speed of plant gene mutation process, develop a water-soluble photo sensitive polypeptide structure, find the gene switch that plays a regulatory role in the composition of protein, find the mechanism of mast cell immune response, and find a new energy conversion mechanism in the molecular complex By tracking the genetic development of more than 30 generations of five groups of Arabidopsis and comparing the differences between each generation's genes and the previous generation, Li Shan (our correspondent in Germany) directly measured the speed of plant gene mutation process for the first time, and showed the basic process of evolution with a new perspective A kind of water-soluble photoreceptor structure has been developed Its biological function can be opened and closed by light This peptide model can control the corresponding natural protein interaction, and then use the