Research highlights that cell journals have to watch in November 2019

November 30, 2019 / BIOON / -- November 2019 is coming to an end What are the highlights of cell journal in November worth learning? Xiaobian has sorted this out and shared it with you 1 Cell: new research reveals for the first time that gut stretch tells us that we are full of DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.031 we usually think that feeling full will make us stop eating In a new study, however, researchers from institutions such as the University of California, San Francisco, found that stretch of the gut may play a greater role in making us feel full The relevant research results were published in the cell Journal on November 14, 2019, with the title of "genetic identification of vagal sensor neurons that control feeding" The corresponding author is Dr Zachary knight, neuroscientist at the University of California, San Francisco Picture from cell, 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.031 There are a lot of nerve endings in your gut, which play an important role in controlling your food intake These nerve endings monitor the contents of the stomach and intestines, and then send signals to the brain to promote or reduce your appetite Most scientists believe that this feedback involves hormone sensitive nerve endings in the gut that track the nutrients you eat and calculate when you're full, but so far no one has tracked the exact type of neurons that send these signals to the brain One of the challenges in answering this question is that thousands of sensory nerves are involved in collecting sensory information from the stomach and intestines There are many different types of sensory nerves, but they all transmit information back to the brain through a huge nerve bundle called vagus nerve Scientists can block or stimulate the activity of this nerve bundle and change the appetite of animals, but how to find out which vagal nerve endings caused this change? To solve this mystery, knight and his team (including the first author of the paper, Dr Ling BAI) have mapped the molecular and anatomical characteristics of neurons of vagal sensory cell type distributed in the stomach and intestine Their maps allow people to selectively stimulate different types of vagal neurons in mice, revealing that the intestinal stretch sensor can prevent hungry mice from eating 2 Cell: to reveal the mechanism of bone metastasis of prostate cancer through TGF - β resistance immunotherapy doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.029 In a new study, researchers from MD Anderson Cancer Center at the University of Texas reported that prostate cancer spreading to bone can cause bone tissue damage, which can hinder the development of T cells, which will undermine the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors After all, T cells are essential for the success of treatment This finding reveals why immunotherapy is largely unsuccessful in the treatment of prostate cancer with bone metastases, and suggests that combination therapy may reverse this resistance Relevant research results were published in the cell Journal on November 14, 2019, and the title of the paper is "differences in tumor microenvironment differentiated T helper lineage polarization and response to immune checkpoint therapy" The corresponding author is Dr padmanee Sharma, Professor of reproductive urology oncology and professor of immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Sharma and his team have found that bone destruction caused by tumors results in the production of transforming growth factor - β (TGF - β), a protein that causes helper T cells (Th cells) to polarize into Th17 CD4 cells, rather than Th1 CD4 effector cells needed to trigger an anti-tumor immune response The lack of Th1 cells in bone marrow indicates that the cytokine profiles in bone microenvironment are different Sharma's team analyzed the levels of 13 cytokines in the tumor bearing and tumor free femurs of mice They found that a significant increase in TGF - β inhibited Th1 cell lineage and promoted Th17 and Treg cell production Th17 cells also need the presence of IL-6, which is expected to be high in bone marrow Bone metastasis triggers abnormal bone remodeling, and bone components are known as the main reservoir of TGF - β Sharma's team speculated that bone matrix remodeling resulted in higher TGF - β levels in prostate bone metastases Their experiments confirm that tumor activated osteoclasts release excessive TGF - β while eroding the bone surface To test this conjecture in humans, they compared bone marrow TGF - β levels in healthy donors and prostate cancer patients with or without bone metastasis There was no difference in the level of TGF - β between the healthy controls and the patients without bone metastasis, while the level of TGF - β in the bone of the patients with bone metastasis was abnormally high 3 Cell: the new study helps to identify the invasive breast cancer doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.028 the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved the combination of immunotherapy drugs and chemotherapy drugs for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer However, not all cases of this invasive breast cancer respond in clinical research In a new study, researchers from institutions such as the University of North Carolina in the United States found biological clues that could be used to help identify invasive breast cancer that responds to drugs that activate the immune system against cancer Their findings were obtained by studying mice and analyzing data from six clinical trials If confirmed in future studies, these new insights may help guide patients to the right treatment and keep them away from ineffective treatment It could also lead to a way for drugs to work in cancers that initially did not respond The relevant research results are published in the cell Journal on November 14, 2019, and the paper title is "B cells and t spherical helper cells mediate response to checkpoint inhibitors in high residence burden mouse models of breast cancer" Picture from cell, 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.028 To find out why some triple negative breast cancers respond to immunotherapy while others do not, perou and his colleagues built a variety of mouse models of triple negative breast cancer to determine the biological characteristics of triple negative breast cancer that respond to treatment In order to answer this question, these mouse models have to respond to immunotherapy, which the existing mouse models cannot do They genetically modified the existing mouse models to contain a large number of "tumor antigens" (abnormal proteins in tumors that trigger the immune system), so these genetically modified mouse models have a high response to immunotherapy They then used genetic tools to analyze the biological characteristics of triple negative breast cancer that responded to immunotherapy and revealed the "signature" of the response using gene expression data As a biomarker, this feature reveals the clues leading to the role of immunotherapy: Patients with cancer respond to treatment have a coordinated immune response to cancer, which involves a variety of immune cells, including two T cells, which can directly attack and kill tumors; B cells, which can produce antibodies that may attack tumors 4 Cell: simulate the exercise plan of astronauts or help to reduce the side effects of anti-cancer treatment doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.024 during the space flight, astronauts bear similar physical pressure to cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapy In a report published in the cell Journal on November 14, 2019, titled "multisystem city in cancer: lessons from NASA's Countermeasures" In a critical article in program, researchers proposed that cancer patients could reduce the long-term impact of treatment on their bodies by simulating NASA astronauts' exercise schedules before, during, and after missions "It's amazing when we look at the similarities between astronauts during space flight and cancer patients during treatment," said Jessica Scott, a research fellow in exercise physiology at the campaign oncology service at the memorial Sloan Caitlin cancer center They are all characterized by decreased muscle mass, bone demineralization, and changes in cardiac function " This similarity extends to brain function: "astronauts may encounter something called space fog, in which case they are hard to concentrate or a little forgetful This is very similar to what some cancer patients experience called "chemo brain." In the long run, basic exercises such as walking on a treadmill could benefit cancer patients, Scott and her team believe Just as astronauts prepare for space flight, cancer patients who use similar tests, such as cardiopulmonary fitness, may set their own baseline levels before being treated Then exercising during and after treatment can potentially reduce the negative side effects of treatment, such as heart disease 5 Cell: during cell division, histone chemical modification can also be inherited and play a key role in maintaining cell identity of offspring doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.009 In a new study, researchers from the langney Medical Center at New York University found that not only DNA inheritance, but also the inheritance of changes in the proteins that package DNA maintain their identity as cells proliferate This study revealed that during development, when each cell proliferates to produce two daughter cells, they pass their identity on to the next generation of cells All cells have the same and complete set of DNA, but each cell is programmed to activate or silence certain genes to determine whether they become heart cells, intestinal cells and other cells, the researchers said Relevant research results were recently published in cell journal, and the title of the paper is "active and expressed chromium domains exhibit distinct nucleus segregation during DNA replication" Picture from cell, 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.009 The new study confirms that the mechanism for cell identity is based on DNA packaging It is known that in the nucleus, the molecular DNA strand is surrounded by a group of proteins called histones in the nucleosome, all of which are located in a large super structure called chromatin In addition, it is known that histones' tails extend to the outside of nucleosomes so that they can undergo chemical changes These chemical changes determine whether a chromatin region is "open", which determines whether DNA is accessible or tightly compressed, which also determines whether genes in this region are silenced or transcribed In this new study, the researchers devised a way to track whether histone chemical modifications in nucleosomes are accurately transferred from the parent cell to the same DNA region in the two daughter cells formed after cell division The researchers have developed a system in which "old" nucleosomes - those located throughout the DNA of the parent cell - are labeled before DNA replication, which is a prerequisite for cell division, takes place