Research highlights that cell journals have to watch in December 2019

December 31, 2019 news / BIOON / -- December 2019 is coming to an end What are the highlights of cell journal research in December worth learning? Xiaobian has sorted this out and shared it with you 1 Cell: genetically modified E.coli can also grow by ingesting carbon dioxide in the air Doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.009 in a new study, researchers from weizman Institute of Science in Israel genetically modified E.coli to make it grow by absorbing carbon dioxide The relevant research results were recently published in the journal Cell, and the title of the paper is "conversion of Escherichia coli to generate all biomass carbon from CO2" Picture from cell, 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.009 E.coli is usually heterotrophic, that is, taking glucose and other organic compounds as food organics, but this new study shows that they can be transformed into autotrophs, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and converting it into biomass Dave savage, a biochemist at the University of California, Berkeley, who was not involved in the new study, said, "it's amazing how quickly and thoroughly an organism that has been heterotrophic for billions of years can be transformed into an autotroph This suggests that metabolism is highly plastic " 2 Two cells revealed the mechanism of vaccinia virus proliferation from the structure, which is expected to develop a better virus vector for cancer treatment doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.024; doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.023 in order to allow virus proliferation, they usually need the support of infected cells In many cases, the molecules needed to replicate their own genetic material can only be found in the nucleus of the host cell before infecting other nearby cells But not all viruses can enter the nucleus Some viruses stay in the cytoplasm, so they must be able to replicate their genetic material independently To do this, they must bring their own "machined parts." In this process, RNA polymerase, a special enzyme composed of various subunits, plays a key role The enzyme reads genetic information from the virus genome, transcribes it into messenger RNA (mRNA), and uses mRNA as a blueprint for coding proteins in the genome In two new studies, researchers from the biological center of the University of welzburg and the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics and chemistry in Germany have now successfully resolved the three-dimensional structure of vaccinia RNA polymerase (vrnap) at atomic resolution for the first time Vaccinia virus belongs to the family of vaccinia virus, which is harmless to human beings and forms the basis of all smallpox vaccines Because of its good characteristics, it is currently used in the testing of oncolytic virus therapy, which is a new strategy to resist cancer The relevant research results have been published in the cell journal recently The titles of the papers are respectively "structural basis of poxvirus transcription: vaccine RNA polymer complexes" and "structural basis of poxvirus transcription: transcription and capping vaccine complexes" The two papers were co authored by Dr Utz Fischer of the University of wirtzburg and Dr Patrick Cramer of the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics and chemistry These new findings now make it possible to develop inhibitors and regulators to affect the virus's proliferation cycle Given that replication of the vaccinia virus takes place in the cytoplasm, the researchers also hope that it has therapeutic potential At present, the research on the use of vaccinia virus in anti-cancer is being carried out all over the world Genelux has demonstrated in animal experiments and in patients the potential of specially optimized vaccinia viruses to shrink tumors and detect minimal metastases In addition, these researchers look forward to new and exciting insights into the function of the associated non viral RNA polymerase complex 3 Cell: many mental disorders originate from the same gene variation doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.020 in a new study, researchers from the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and the psychiatric Genomics Consortium found that many different mental disorders have the same genetic structure Mental illness affects more than 25% of the population in a given year In the largest study of its kind, they identified more than 100 genetic variants that affect the risk of more than one mental illness The related research results were recently published in the journal Cell The title of the paper is "genetic relationships, new loci, and pleiotopic mechanisms across eight psychological disorders" Picture from cell, 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.020 Identifying genetic variants that affect the risk of more than one mental illness is an important step in improving the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders, said Dr Jordan w smoller, co-author of the paper and director of the Department of psychiatry and neurodevelopmental genetics at Massachusetts General Hospital "Understanding how specific genetic variations lead to a range of diseases may tell us about the extent to which these diseases share the same biological characteristics." To identify these pleiotropic genetic variations, the researchers used a technique called genome-wide association to analyze genetic data from 494162 healthy controls and 232964 patients diagnosed with at least one of the eight common mental disorders This analysis identified 109 genetic variants that affect the risk of more than one mental illness There are many common genetic variations in certain diseases that allow these researchers to divide these mental disorders into three groups of genetically related diseases: disorders characterized by compulsive behavior (anorexia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and the less severe Tourette syndrome); emotional and mental disorders (manic depression, major depression, and schizophrenia); and early onset neurogenesis Dystocia (autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and Tourette syndrome) The researchers also found evidence that genes associated with a variety of mental disorders increase expression from mid pregnancy and appear to play an important role in brain development 4 Cell: human glioblastoma like organs can reproduce tumor characteristics, and can be used to evaluate the efficacy of drugs and car-t cells doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.036 glioblastoma is the most aggressive and common form of brain cancer The laboratory brain like organ, which is developed from a patient's own glioblastoma, may provide the answer to how best to treat it In a new study, researchers from the University of Pennsylvania found that glioblastoma like organs may be an effective model to quickly test personalized treatment strategies The relevant research results were published online in the cell Journal on December 26, 2019, under the title of "genetic relationships, new loci, and pleiotopic mechanisms across eight psychological disorders" In the new study, the researchers took fresh tumor samples from 52 patients in order to "grow" tumor like organs in the laboratory Within two weeks, the total success rate of producing glioblastoma like organs was 91.4%, among which 66.7% of tumors showed IDH1 mutation, 75% of recurrent tumors showed IDH1 mutation These glioblastoma like organs can also be stored in a biobank for later analysis The researchers also performed genetic, histological, and molecular analyses in 12 patients to determine that these new glioblastoma like organs largely retain the characteristics of the patient's primary tumor They successfully transplanted eight samples of glioblastoma like organs into the brains of adult mice Their brains showed rapid invasive infiltration of cancer cells and maintained the expression of key mutated genes three months later Importantly, a major feature of glioblastoma, tumor cells infiltrating into the surrounding brain tissue, was observed in the mouse model In order to simulate the post-operative treatment, the researchers conducted standard and targeted treatment for glioblastoma like organs, including drugs from clinical trials and car-t immunotherapy For each treatment, they found that the response of these organs to treatment was different, and the effectiveness of treatment was related to gene mutations in patients' tumors This model provides the possibility for future clinical trials based on the individual treatment of different drug reactions of patients' tumors 5 Cell: new research reveals why it is so difficult to develop universal influenza vaccine doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.032 every year we are reminded to go to the pharmacy for influenza vaccination Why can't we have flu vaccines that provide long-term protection like measles or polio vaccines? This is because the influenza virus continues to evolve, so the immune response we set up in the first year may not work in the second year or even in the influenza virus we infected in that year As a result, the flu virus remains dangerous: last year, in the United States alone, it killed more than 60000 people In a new study, researchers from Rockefeller University in the United States revealed why it is so difficult to create a universal vaccine that can prevent all types of influenza viruses: the immune system's immune response to a new influenza virus variant is built from scratch, mainly by using immune cells that have no memory of the virus, rather than improving the response to previous ones Influenza virus version of immune memory The relevant research results were recently published in the Journal of cell, and the title of the paper is "restricted closeness and limited German Center reentry characterize memory B cell reactivation by boosting" Picture from cell, 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.032 They used fluorescent dyes to genetically label the germinal centers of mice at the first vaccination, so they could track the behavior of their offspring at the second vaccination To their surprise, more than 90% of the B cells entering the germinal center at the time of the second vaccination were unlabeled, indicating that they were newcomers Genetic analysis also showed that these cells did not undergo the mutation process commonly experienced by B cells in the germinal center, which further indicated that they were the first to appear at this site But most of the veterans in the boot camp don't exist Of the hundreds of B cells that enter the germinal center at the time of the first vaccination, only a few can return to the germinal center at the time of the second vaccination, but most of them can combine with the invading virus It seems that only a few selected B cells will return to the germinal center at the time of the second vaccination 6 Cell: challenge the routine! The nervous system not only detects Salmonella in the intestine, but also actively resists the harmful bacteria doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.014 In a new study, researchers from Harvard Medical School found that the nervous system in mice's gut not only senses the presence of Salmonella, but also actively resists the infection of the harmful bacteria by deploying two lines of defense The related research results were recently published in the Journal of cell, and the title of the paper is "got innovative reactor neurons regulate Peyer's patch microfold cells and SFB levels to mediate Salmonella host defen