Recent progress in breast cancer research!

In this paper, I have compiled several research reports to jointly interpret the recent progress of scientists in the field of breast cancer research and share with you! Photo source: cc0 public domain [1] Science: receptor targeted nanoparticles for the treatment of primary and metastatic breast cancer Pharmaceutical preparations are quite challenging Recently, researchers from the University of Maryland School of medicine and other units have developed a therapeutic nanoparticle treatment platform, which can balance the receptor specific binding affinity on the cell surface, while maintaining the minimum interaction with blood and tumor tissue components (called "dart" nanoparticle), so as to improve blood circulation time, biological distribution and tumor Cell specific uptake According to the researchers, in the mouse model of primary three negative breast cancer and brain metastasis of breast cancer, the paclitaxel (PTX) - dart nanoparticles that can be directed to the cell surface receptor fibroblast growth factor-induced 14 (Fn14) are superior to the corresponding PTX nanoparticles without targeting group and the FDA approved PTX nanoparticle Abraxane 【2】 Oncogene: scientists hope to successfully block the spread of breast cancer cells doi: 10.1038/s41388-020-1170-2 Recently, in a study published in the International Journal of Oncogene, scientists from University of Manchester have developed a new method to effectively block the proliferation of breast cancer cells Research is expected to help develop new therapies for three negative breast cancer Because cancer does not respond to hormone therapy or targeted therapies for other forms of disease, the researchers plan to look for other treatments in this study; about 15% of breast cancer is triple negative breast cancer, which is easier to spread than general breast cancer, and patients often relapse after treatment; it is in young people, African Americans and Hispanics It is particularly common in women and in people with brac1 mutations Using the advanced CRISPR technology, researchers can effectively remove one of Runx2 and CBF β protein, and remove any one of them can block the spread of cancer, although the loss of CBF β seems to have a stronger effect, and after the removed protein is re expressed in cancer cells, cancer will continue to spread 【3】 Science: cancer cells can promote breast cancer metastasis by increasing the production of ribosome protein doi: 10.1126/science.aay0939 hormone receptor positive breast cancer can spread in the whole body through circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the blood, and finally reach the distal part of the body and form metastatic tumors In a new study, researchers from the cancer center of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School reported that increased ribosomes increased the potential of CTC to form metastases, and the results were published in the journal Science Ribosomes are protein manufacturing plants found in every living cell Their results showed that a CTC subgroup enriched in the blood of breast cancer patients had higher ribosomal protein levels, and their presence was related to increased disease invasiveness and poor clinical results Importantly, this finding also suggests that targeted drug combinations that disrupt ribosome function and inhibit cancer cell growth slow the spread of breast cancer in mouse models 【4】 Cell Rep: it is found that doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.067, a new method to identify malignant breast cancer, often manipulates the immune response of invasive breast cancer, making it beneficial to itself The researchers found that the operation was the same immune "signature" in humans as in mice A study by scientists at the University of Bonn and colleagues in the Netherlands demonstrates this Their method makes it possible to use the tumor tissue of patients to obtain the indication of disease prognosis The research results are published in the journal Cell reports When a tumor begins to grow in the body, the immune system usually does not ignore it: macrophages, a specific cell of the body's own defense forces, migrate around cancer cells They should flow around the diseased cells, digest them, and eventually eliminate them But sometimes tumor cells try to escape their rivals Not only that: they even use macrophages for their own purposes and grow faster as a result To do this, researchers reprogrammed immune cells to ensure that some genes in macrophages were turned off and others were turned on This changes the genetic "characteristics" of macrophages 【5】 Nat commun: the epigenetic modification of DNA can promote the tolerance of breast cancer to hormone therapy Doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-14098-x the DNA in breast cancer cells that are tolerant to hormone therapy often changes epigenetic Hormone therapy is an effective therapy for ER + breast cancer, while ER + breast cancer in all diagnoses 70% of breast cancer patients, and reversing these epigenetic changes may help reduce the recurrence rate of breast cancer patients Recently, in a research report published in the international journal Nature communications, scientists from Garvin Medical Research Institute and other institutions in Sydney found that the 3-D structure of DNA in ER + breast cancer cells resistant to hormone therapy may have "rewired", which can change the activation and deactivation of genes Professor Clark, the researcher, said that for the first time in this study, we have revealed a key 3-D DNA interaction, which is related to whether breast cancer is sensitive to hormone therapy Clarifying the process may help to reveal the molecular mechanism of ER + cancer avoiding hormone therapy, and hopefully help to develop new breast cancer therapy Picture source: mediaexpress.com [6] nature: the artificial intelligence of breast cancer diagnosis is superior to human experts! Doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1799-6 recently, in a research report published in the international journal Nature, scientists from Google Health developed a new computer program, which can diagnose and detect breast cancer with higher accuracy than human experts through routine scanning Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in the female population In the last year alone, there were more than 2 million newly diagnosed cases In the group of patients without obvious symptoms, regular screening is essential to detect the early symptoms of the disease In the UK, women over 50 years old are recommended to have a mammogram every three years, with the results obtained by two independent experts Analysis However, there is always room for error in the interpretation of the scanning results, and in all mammography, a small part of the results will be false positive (misdiagnosed as cancer in the healthy population) or false negative (misdiagnosed as negative in the disease positive) In this study, researchers have successfully used the artificial intelligence model to scan and detect the breast cancer of thousands of women in the United Kingdom and the United States; these images have been analyzed and checked by doctors in real life, but unlike the clinical environment, the machine (human intelligence algorithm) does not diagnose the disease according to the patient's medical history 【7】 PNAs: extremely active FoxA1 signal or breast cancer with reprogramming endocrine resistance makes it more aggressive doi: 10.1073/pnas.1911584116 recently, an international journal Proceedings of the National Academy of In the Research Report on sciences, scientists from Baylor medical college found a new mechanism through research, which may help to explain the mechanism of endocrine resistant breast cancer to obtain metastasis characteristics Relevant research results may help scientists develop new breast cancer therapy The researchers pointed out that the extremely active FoxA1 signal may induce the whole genome reprogramming, and lead to the increase of cancer cells' resistance to therapy and metastasis behavior Previously, researchers found the extremely active FoxA1 signal in the endocrine resistant metastatic breast cancer The researchers found that HIF-2a may be a key mediator for FoxA1 directed reprogramming, while HIF-2a inhibitors (currently used to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma and recurrent glioblastoma) can selectively reduce the metastasis of cancer cells and the invasion of endocrine resistant breast cancer cells with high FoxA1 activity 【8】 Science: to reveal the new mechanism of action of breast cancer drug paboxenil doi: 10.1126/science.aaw2106 Recently, in a research report published in the international journal Science, scientists from the University of California revealed the molecular mechanism behind the efficacy of the drug, which may not be the same as previously thought Researcher Seth Professor Rubin said that in this study, we have studied the special structure of the proteins that interact with pabosinil, and it is very important to understand the resistance of specific cancer to pabosinil and why breast cancer cells develop resistance, which may help to explain the mechanism of action of the drug, and help scientists to think about the new development that can overcome the drug resistance Type B drug therapy In this paper, the researchers focus on the study of a protein called CDK4, a cyclin dependent kinase, which can pass through and inactivate retinoblastoma protein (RB) RB is a kind of molecular guard, which can effectively block cells from entering the cell growth and division when it is in the active state 【9】 NEJM: new drugs are expected to treat patients with malignant breast cancer doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1914609 recently, in a research report published in the International Journal New England Journal of medicine, scientists from the Dana Faber Cancer Research Institute and other institutions found that two practical drugs are expected to treat patients with malignant breast cancer Researchers said that one of the drugs can show the ability to reach the brain effectively As we all know, many drugs can not reach the brain directly to kill the tumors transferred to the brain; the other drug is mainly aimed at the "homing device" of cancer cells, which can effectively load chemotherapy drugs, when they arrive at the destination, they will be released Researcher Ian krop said the new treatment is like a missile that can introduce chemotherapy directly into cancer cells About 15% - 20% of breast cancer belongs to HER2 positive breast cancer, that is, there are a lot of HER2 proteins on the surface of cancer cells, which will be driven by the over activated genes that promote the growth of cancer; in this paper, the researchers tested 253 breast cancer patients with drugs called t-dxd, and injected them with the drug every three weeks, before using the experimental drug On average, 6 treatments were tried; the researchers analyzed the effects of different doses on patients, 184 of whom performed best In these patients, 61% of them found that their own tumors shrank by at least 30%, while in 6% of them, the researchers did not find signs of cancer in their bodies after two follow-up visits 【10】 JCI insight: calendar