Progress on HIV research in September 2020.

Sept. 30, 2020 // --- Human immunodeficiency virus( HIV), or AIDS (AIDS, access to immunodeficiency syndrome) virus, is a virus that causes deficiencies in the human immune system.
was first discovered in the United States in 1983.
it is a lentivirus that infects cells of the human immune system and is a type of retrovirus.
HIV causes diseases to spread throughout the body and eventually AIDS by destroying the body's T lymphocytes, thereby blocking cellular and fluid immune processes.
hiv mutation is extremely rapid, it is difficult to produce specific vaccines, so far there is no effective treatment, a great threat to human health.
the AIDS epidemic has claimed more than 34 million lives since the 1980s.
an estimated 36.9 million people worldwide were infected with HIV in 2017, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), of whom only 59 percent received antiretroviral therapy (ART).
hiv is by far one of the world's largest public health challenges, there is an urgent need to delve into the function of HIV to help researchers develop new treatments that can effectively fight the disease.
HIV-infected people need to take ART every day or even for life to stop the virus from replicating in large numbers to damage their immune system.
although taking ART has been shown to be effective in suppressing the onset of AIDS, these drugs are expensive, time-consuming and have serious side effects.
urgent need to find a cure for HIV infection.
major HIV research or findings in the coming September? The editor combed through the NEWS on HIV research reported this month for everyone to read.
1.PNAS: There's a play in curing HIV infection! An antibiotic molecule that allows the immune system to kill HIV-infected human cells doi:10.1073/pnas.2008615117 In a new study, Mark Painter, Dr. Kathleen Collins of the University of Michigan School of Medicine, and colleagues work together to find a weapon to kill HIV by targeting a protein called Nef.
study was recently published in the journal PNAS under the title "Concanamycin A counteracts HIV-1 Nef to enhance immune clearance of infected primary cells by cytoxic T lymphocytes".
from PNAS, 2020, doi:10.1073/pnas.2008615117.
HIV uses Nef to evade the body's immune system.
the researchers determined that a type of pleicomacrolide called concanamycin A inhibits Nef at a much lower concentration than is required to inhibit lysosomes.
Painter said, "As a leading compound in drug development, this is quite exciting because we can use very low doses so that Nef is inhibited without short-term cell toxicity."
"In a proof-of-concept experiment, they treated HIV-infected, Nef-expressed cells with concanamycin A and found that cytotoxic T-cells were able to remove HIV-infected T-cells.
2. Science Sub-journal: Adding SN50 molecules reduces inflammation and improves the level of protection of the vaccine doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz8700 adage is a key ingredient in many modern vaccines, which trigger an immune response to help protect the body from disease.
scientists believe adrenatics are key to developing new vaccines against viruses that are difficult to eradicate, such as HIV.
but advents can cause inflammation at the injection site, as well as side effects of overstulging the immune system, which prevents many promising new candidates from being integrated into the vaccine.
a new study, researchers from the University of Chicago's Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering have discovered a new way to limit inflammation caused by adulations: by adding a molecule to disrupt certain pathways in cells.
this molecule not only reduces inflammatory susceptivity, but also appears to have an additional benefit of increasing the protective response to viruses such as influenza, dengue and even HIV.
could eventually be used to develop a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2--- which causes the coronavirus to --- COVID-19.
study was recently published in the journal Science Advances under the title "Increased vaccine tolerability and protection via NF-B Modulation".
Esser-Kahn and his team found that a peptide called SN50 can disrupt the path of this initial inflammation in cells.
specifically, it destroys a protein called NF-kB, which is known to play a role in the production of inflammatory cytokines.
added it to different TLR agitants, they found that it reduced inflammation and, more surprisingly, increased antibody production against disease.
to test the effectiveness of SN50, the researchers tested it in mouse models of several different diseases.
in the case of dengue virus, they found that SN50 helps produce more antibodies to the virus.
in the case of HIV, they have found that it helps produce antibodies that target hard-to-reach parts of the virus, overcoming one of the obstacles that make hiv vaccines difficult to build.
3.Nat Med: The world's top HIV researchers from BEAT-HIV Cooperative, led by scientists at the Westa Institute in the United States, have developed the first comprehensive set of recommendations on how best to measure the size of persistent HIV in a cure-oriented clinical study.
results were recently published in the journal Nature Medicine under the title "Recommendations for measuring HIV reservoir size in cure-directed clinical trials".
scan electroscope image of HIV-infected T-cells, from NIAID.
current antiretroviral therapy (ART) can only suppress HIV but not remove the virus.
-oriented research aims to control or eradicate HIV.
the long-term continuity of HIV during ART treatment continues to lead to immune activation, chronic inflammation, and multiple organ sexual damage.
a number of cure-oriented studies are under way worldwide, but there is no consensus statement to prioritize and explain many of the strategies currently available to measure the ongoing HIV library during ART treatment.
. Luis J. Montaner, co-author of the paper and director of the HIV-1 Immunopathology Laboratory at the Westa Institute's Center for Vaccine and Immunotherapy, said, "The BEAT-HIV Partnership brought together a number of original researchers who developed the analytical methods currently used to measure HIV.
organization has now published recommendations for preferred HIV measurements as a guide to cure-oriented research.
major obstacle to eradicating HIV is that it hides in some hard-to-target and measured cells of the immune system.
THE BEAT-HIV Guide now provides specific information on the advantages and limitations of each measurement method currently available.
"4.Nat Commun: Common pathogens promote the continued presence of HIV doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17898-8 Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) may have revolutionized our ability to control HIV, but it is not necessarily a one-size-all drug.
during ART therapy, HIV creeps into the genome of CD4-plus T cells, forming a reservoir of HIV viruses, where CD4-plus-T cells are white blood cells involved in activating the immune system against infections and pathogens.
the existence of these HIV libraries explains why ART therapy does not cure HIV infection and why lifelong efforts are being made to prevent HIV "bounces."
a new study, researchers from the University of Montreal in Canada have developed a new technique that shows how these T-cells expand in number when they encounter common pathogens, leading to the continued existence of an HIV library.
study, published recently in the journal Nature Communications, is titled "Single-cell TCR sequencing reveals phenotypically diverse clonally expanded cells harboringing HIV proviruses ART."
co-author of the paper is Professor Nicolas Chomont of the Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Montreal.
first author of the paper is Pierre Gantner, a postdoctoral researcher at the Chomont Laboratory at the University of Montreal.
the researchers knew before that HIV would persist in CD4 plus T cells.
the new study, they found that, on average, 70 to 80 percent of CD4-plus T cells were exposed to common human-infected pathogens, such as influenza viruses or cytocytovirus.
when these T-cells encounter these pathogens, their numbers increase.
this immune response, although a very normal anti-infection process, indirectly triggered the proliferation of these HIV library cells, known as CD4 plus T cells.
5.Nature: Uncovering the characteristics of the special HIV library in the body of the ELITE HIV controller! doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2651-8 In a recent study published in the international journal Nature, scientists from Massachusetts General Hospital and others successfully studied 64 elite HIV controllers and 41 individuals taking antiretroviral drugs (ART) Hundreds of millions of cells are sequenced, and elite controllers, i.e. the body can successfully suppress HIV levels and disease progression without medication; unlike individuals treated with ART, the HIV library in elite controllers does not appear to be activated, which may help them maintain spontaneous and drug-free HIV levels, while also revealing a significant feature of functional cures for HIV infection.
photo from Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain.
Elite Controller's body's immune system uses T-cell-mediated immune responses to control the virus without taking the drug, thus using standard testing to completely detect the virus in these populations, and reveals the interaction between the elite controller's body's immune system and HIV, or helps HIV-infected people use their immune systems to suppress viral progress without taking daily medication.
researcher Yu pointed out that in this study, we studied the HIV library in the operator's controller, using a new generation of sequencing technology to accurately map the exact location of the complete HIV genome in the human genome, the researchers found that in elite controllers, HIV often appears in what researchers call the genome of the gene desert unknown, In the inactive parts of the human genome, human DNA may never be turned on, and HIV is not effectively expressed, and it is in a closed and locked state, which means that HIV is locked into the cell genome, and the virus genome is blocked to create more viruses, so it cannot cause disease.
6.Nat Med: Dual-CAR-T cells developed to target HIV libraries, laying the groundwork for a cure for HIV infection doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1039-5 In a new study, researchers from the Lagan Institute, the University of Pennsylvania and Massachusetts General Hospital describe a new type of dual CAR-T (CAR Dual T cell, Dual-CAR-T) cell immunotherapy can help fight HIV infection.
results were published online August 31, 2020 in the journal Nature Medicine under the title "Dual CD4-base CAR T cells with distinct costimulatory domains domains for HIV pathogenesis in vivo".
author of the paper are Dr. Todd Allen of the Lagan Institute and Dr. Jim Riley, Professor of Microbiology at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.
the paper is a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine.