Progress on HIV research in December 2020

December 28, 2020 // --- Human immunodeficiency virus( HIV), or AIDS (AIDS, access to immunodeficiency syndrome) virus, is a virus that causes deficiencies in the human immune system.
1983, HIV was first detected in the United States.
it is a lentivirus (lentivirus) that infects cells of the human immune system and is a type of retrovirus.
HIV causes diseases to spread throughout the body and eventually AIDS by destroying the body's T lymphocytes, thereby blocking the cellular and body fluid immune processes.
hiv mutation is extremely rapid, it is difficult to produce specific vaccines, so far there is no effective treatment, a great threat to human health.
the AIDS epidemic has claimed more than 34 million lives since the 1980s.
an estimated 36.9 million people worldwide were infected with HIV in 2017, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), of whom only 59 percent received antiretroviral therapy (ART).
HIV remains by far one of the world's largest public health challenges, there is an urgent need to delve into the function of HIV to help researchers develop new treatments that can effectively fight the disease.
HIV-infected people need to take ART every day or even for life to stop the virus from replicating in large numbers to damage their immune systems.
art has been shown to be effective in suppressing the onset of AIDS, these drugs are expensive, time-consuming and have serious side effects.
urgent need to find a cure for HIV infection.
major HIV research or findings in the coming December? The editor combed through the news on HIV research reported this month for everyone to read.
1.Nat Commun: Using the AAV9-CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing is expected to remove HIV DNAdoi from the DNA of infected cells: 10.1038/s41467-020-19821-7 Ape immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a virus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
in a new study, researchers from research institutions such as the Lewis-Katz School of Medicine at Tamp University in the United States and Duran University took an important step forward in HIV research: they successfully removed SIV from the genomes of non-human primates.
breakthrough brings them closer than ever to developing a cure for HIV infection in humans.
study was recently published in the journal Nature Communications under the title "CRISPR base editing of SIV proviral DNA in ART treated non-human primates".
, map, and validate CRISPR-Cas9 constructs that target pre-SIV viral DNA in an introphy.
Nature Communications, 2020, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19821-7。 Co-author of the
paper, Dr. Kamel Khalili, director of the Center for Integrated Neuro-AIDS at the Lewis-Katz School of Medicine at The University of Tamp, said, "For the first time, we have found that a single injection of our CRISPR gene-editing construct, carried by adeno-related viruses (AAVs), can remove the SIV genome from infected cells of rhesus monkeys."
"2.PLoS Pathog: How can the vaginal microbiome prevent HIV infection? Doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009024 Healthy Lactobacillus bacteria in the vagina are critical to women's health, but the accumulation of other bacterial genus can lead to imbalances in the vaginal ecosystem.
Based on a study published December 3, 2020 in the journal PLOS Pathogens, Dr. Nicole Klatt of the University of Minnesota School of Medicine and colleagues found that this imbalance may lead to the metabolism of bacteria in drugs designed to prevent HIV infection, thereby reducing their effectiveness and increasing the risk to women.
in the absence of an effective HIV vaccine, alternative strategies, such as Pre-Exposure Prevention (PrEP) drugs, must be adopted to prevent transmission.
PrEP drugs are very effective in preventing HIV infection in men, but less effective in preventing HIV infection in women.
recent evidence suggests that the vaginal microbiome is associated with an increased risk of HIV infection and may affect the efficacy of PrEP.
in order to better design and evaluate clinical studies of HIV prevention in women, it is important to understand how microorganisms in the female reproductive tract affect the level of therapeutic drugs.
In the new study, Klatt and her colleagues used cervical vaginal lotion samples from women with or without bacterial vaginal disease (BV) to study how vaginal bacteria altered PrEP levels and affected HIV infection rates.
the bacteria is very common in women and is caused by bacteria that cause itching, secretions and discomfort, and is associated with an increase in sexually transmitted infections in women and negative reproductive tract outcomes.
researchers found that BV-related bacteria, rather than healthy Lactobacillus bacteria, can metabolize PrEP drugs and may reduce PrEP's ability to do so due to lower levels of available preventive drugs.
of bacterial vaginal diseases are critical to improving women's effectiveness in PREVENT prevention, the authors say.
3. Antibiotics: New research shows that caerin 1 antimicrobial peptides have the potential to inhibit HIV transmission doi:10.3390/antibiotics9100661 Australian frogs secrete caerin 1 antimicrobial peptides (antimicrobial peptides, AMP) as part of their immune defenses.
Louise Rollins-Smith of Vanderburg University in the United States and colleagues have previously shown that caerin 1 antimicrobial peptides inhibit HIV transmission in-body.
in a new study, the Rollins-Smith team explored how other natural and synthetic caerin 1 antimicrobial peptides affect normal vaginal lactobacillus, which helps prevent HIV transmission.
they reported that several caerin 1 antimicrobial peptides were limited in toxicity to Lactobacillus lactobacillus at concentrations that inhibited HIV transmission.
study was recently published in the journal Antibiotics under the title "Caerin 1 Antimicrobial Peptides That Analytics HIV and Neisseria May Spare Lactobacilli".
they also found that these caerin 1 antibacterial peptides inhibited the growth of lactose neseria lactamica, in which lactose neccole is closely related to gonorrhoid nexeria, which causes gonorrhea through sexual transmission.
these findings support the potential of caerin 1 antimicrobial peptides to limit sexual transmission of HIV and may also limit the spread of pathogenic vaginal bacteria, while not affecting protective vaginal bacteria.
4.PNAS and JBC interpretation! Scientists hope to develop a new and effective vaccine to treat SARS-CoV-2 and HIV infection! doi:10.1073/pnas.2010256117; doi:10.1074/jbc. RA120.016284 was recently published in the international magazine Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences under the title "A facile method of mapping HIV-1 neutralizing epitopes using chemical masked cysteines and deep sequencing" and the international magazine Journal of Biological Chemistry on the title "Design of a highly highly chemistry, In two studies by immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 Spike, scientists from the Indian Institute of Science and technology and others have developed new and effective vaccine strategies that are effective against SARS-CoV-2 and HIV.
Previously, researchers have reported on the design of a heat-resistant COVID-19 vaccine candidate and a quick way to identify specific areas of the HIV envelope protein targeted by antibodies that can help scientists design effective vaccines.
COVID-19 candidate vaccine contains part of a prickly protein called the subject binding domain (RBD), which helps the virus adsorption to host cells, and when the researchers tested it in a guinea pig model, they found that the candidate vaccine was able to cause a strong immune response from the host.
Surprisingly, the vaccine candidate can remain stable at 37 degrees for a month, while the freeze-dried vaccine can withstand temperatures as high as 100 degrees, which may make it easy to store and transport vaccines without the need for expensive cold-chain equipment to carry out mass vaccinations in remote areas.
most vaccines need to be stored at temperatures of 2-8 degrees or lower to avoid losing their effectiveness.
making protein-based vaccines can easily expand in India compared to new types of vaccines such as the mRNA vaccine, which has been made by vaccine manufacturers for decades.
In the second study, researchers focused on HIV, looking for key sites to identify HIV envelope proteins that can be targeted by neutral antibodies that block the virus from entering cells and mark it well among other immune cells in the host body.
vaccine based on these regions may be able to induce a better immune response from host bodies.
To map the region, the researchers used X-ray crystal diffraction techniques and cryogenic electron mirrors, but these methods were time-consuming, complex and expensive, so the researchers wanted to find other ways to come up with an easy but effective solution.
First they mutated the virus so that amino acids called cysteine could appear in several places in the envelope protein, then the researchers added a chemical label attached to the cysteine molecule, and finally used neutral antibodies to target the virus.
If these antibodies are blocked by cysteine labels and cannot bind to key bits on the virus, then the virus will survive and cause infection, and by sequencing the genes in the surviving mutant virus, the researchers will be able to identify those bits.
5. Lancet Sub-Journal: AIDS patients with cervical cancer risk is 6 times higher than the average person doi:10.1016/S2214-109X (20) 30459-9 cervical cancer is one of the common gynecological malignancies, the incidence rate of female malignancies in China ranked second.
2015 China Cancer Report, there are about 130,000 new cases of cervical cancer in China each year.
Thankfully, cervical cancer is currently the only cancer with a clear cause, and the number one risk factor is the human papillomavirus (HPV), and AIDS (HIV) enhances the carcinogenic effects induced by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
, the effects of population-based HIV on cervical cancer have not yet been quantified.
study, published today in The Lancet Global Health, analyzed the risk of cervical cancer in women infected with HIV and estimated the global burden of HIV-related cervical cancer.
in the study, researchers from five databases, including PubMed, Embase, Global Health, Web of Science and Global Index Medicus, conducted systematic literature searches that eventually included 24 studies from 1981 to 2016 involving 236,127 HIV-infected women from four continents (Africa, Asia, Europe and North America).
researchers estimated the combined risk of cervical cancer in these women.
By combining the risk ratio (RR) and estimates of HIV incidence in unAIDS-specific countries with GLOBOCAN 2018 cervical cancer estimates, the proportion of women infected with HIV in cervical cancer, as well as the percentage of hiv-related cervical cancer attribution and age-standardized morbidity (ASIR).
showed an increased combined risk of cervical cancer in women infected with HIV.
were six times more likely to develop cervical cancer than women who were not infected with HIV.
, there were 33,000 new cases of cervical cancer in 2018, of which 5.8% were diagnosed with HIV and 4.9% were due to HIV infection.
most affected areas are southern Africa and eastern Africa. <br/