Progress of HIV research highlights in December 2019

December 31, 2019 / bioun / - -- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) virus, is a virus that causes human immune system defects In 1983, HIV was first discovered in the United States It is a lentivirus that infects cells of the human immune system It is a retrovirus HIV destroys the T lymphocyte of human body, and then blocks the process of cellular immunity and humoral immunity, leading to the paralysis of the immune system, which leads to the spread of various diseases in human body, and ultimately leads to AIDS Due to the rapid variation of HIV, it is difficult to produce specific vaccine, so far there is no effective treatment, which poses a great threat to human health Since the 1980s, the AIDS epidemic has claimed more than 34 million lives According to the statistics of the World Health Organization (who), it is estimated that 36.9 million people around the world were infected with HIV in 2017, of which only 59% of those infected with HIV received antiretroviral therapy (Art) So far, HIV is still one of the biggest public health challenges in the world, so it is urgent to study the function of HIV in depth to help researchers develop new therapies that can effectively combat the disease In order to prevent the massive replication of virus from damaging the immune system, people with HIV need to take art every day or even for life Although it has been proved that art can effectively inhibit the onset of AIDS, but such drugs are expensive, time-consuming and labor-consuming and have serious side effects There is an urgent need to find a cure for HIV infection What are the major HIV studies or findings in the coming December? Bio Valley editor combed the news about HIV research reported by Bio Valley this month for you to read 1 Science: challenge the routine! Inhibition rather than eradication of HIV virus can achieve functional cure of AIDS doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax4077 the search for a treatment for AIDS is partly focused on finding a way to eradicate HIV infected cells Now, in a new study, researchers from the Karolinska Institute in Sweden and the University of Pennsylvania in the United States found that this method may not be necessary for the cure of functional aids In a study of some HIV positive patients who can coexist with HIV without treatment, they found that the lymphocytes of these patients, known as the elite controller, can inhibit the virus, but will not kill the cells infected with HIV Relevant research results were recently published in the Journal of Science Translational Medicine The title of the paper is "elite control of HIV is associated with distinct functional and translational signatures in lymphoid tissue CD8 + T cells" HIV-1 from J Roberto Trujillo / Wikipedia The researchers hope to find out exactly how CD8 + T cells in elite controls prevent HIV from replicating and progressing to AIDS They collected blood samples and lymph node biopsies from a total of 51 HIV positive patients, including 12 elite controllers, from three locations in the United States and Mexico Using the single cell RNA sequencing method used to study individual cells, the researchers found that the lymphoid tissues of elite controllers had more HIV specific CD8 + T cells, but these cells were so-called insoluble cells, indicating that they did not kill the cells infected with HIV On the contrary, CD8 + T cells in these elite controllers have unique transcriptional profiles and can inhibit HIV replication through enhanced ribosome function, which means they perform better in protein translation This leads to more numbers and types of cytokines, and enhances the versatility of these cells 2 NAT commun: new discovery! The structure of extracellular vesicles released by specific bacteria may reduce the spread of HIV doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13468-9 recently, an international journal Nature In the Research Report on communications, scientists from the National Institutes of health and other institutions found that specific bacteria living in the vagina may release nanoscale vesicles to protect the body against HIV infection Extracellular vesicles, EVS) is a kind of vesicular particles Many types of cells produce extracellular vesicles, which are believed to transport molecules from one cell to another In this study, researchers conducted a series of experiments and found that vesicles isolated from four kinds of lactic acid bacteria can interfere with the ability of HIV infected host cells In one experiment, researchers added vesicles They found that compared with untreated cells, the level of HIV infection of treated cells was relatively low in the culture medium added with vesicles When researchers increased the number of vesicles, only a small number of cells would be infected with HIV Similarly, treatment with vesicles can also reduce HIV infection in the body's lymph, cervix and vagina The researchers found that the extracellular vesicle structure released by bacteria can inhibit the virus from binding to the surface of the host cell, which is a key step for HIV to enter the cell 3 PLoS gene: chimpanzees may have evolved resistance to HIV precursors Doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008485 simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a virus that infects monkeys and apes Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) originated from SIV, which means that SIV is the precursor of HIV In a new study, researchers from University College London found that SIV may affect chimpanzee genetics They report that the virus is the main cause of differences between different chimpanzee subspecies Although chimpanzees have not been seriously affected by SIV infection, these findings suggest that some chimpanzee subspecies may have evolved a degree of tolerance to the virus The relevant research results were recently published in the journal PLoS Genetics with the title of "the impact of genetic adaptation on chimpanzee subspecies differentiation" Dr Aida Andr é s, co-author of the paper, said: "unlike the serious health consequences of HIV infection in humans, chimpanzees remain healthy when they are infected with SIV This suggests that chimpanzees may have evolved biological mechanisms to limit the pathogenicity of the virus, that is, its ability to cause disease " By analyzing the genomes of four subspecies of chimpanzees living in Africa, the researchers found that the unique genetic variation of chimpanzees in eastern Africa was abnormally closely related to the immune response, especially for SIV infection 4 Msphere: Rectal microorganisms affect the effectiveness of HIV vaccine doi: 10.1128/msphere.00824-19 in a new study, researchers from the University of California, Davis reported that microorganisms present in the rectum may affect the effectiveness of experimental HIV vaccine The relevant research results were published online in the msphere Journal on December 11, 2019 The paper title is "recent microbiome composition correlations with humoral immunity to HIV-1 in failed rhesus macaques" Picture from msphere (2019) Doi: 10.1128/msphere.00824-19 Smita Iyer, co-author of the paper and assistant professor at the center for immunology and infectious diseases and the school of veterinary medicine at the University of California, Davis, said evidence from human and animal studies on other vaccines suggested that lactobacilli supplementation can promote antibody production, while antibiotic therapy can block beneficial immune responses 5 PLoS One: a new study proposes a new structure of HIV-1 virus shell, which may lead to the development of a new HIV treatment method doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224965 in a new study, researchers from the University of Alberta in Canada show that the shell of HIV-1 virus may have a different shape than previously thought It is of great significance to understand the function of this virus The relevant research results were recently published in the Journal plosone The title of the paper is "mathematical determination of the HIV-1 matrix shell structure and its impact on the biology of HIV-1" This study shows that HIV-1 virus is located in a spherical matrix shell When it infects healthy cells, its shell fuses with the outside of the target cell, and then releases the genetic material of the virus into the inside of the cell where it attacks the cell Sean graves, co-author of the paper, said, "the structure of our new HIV-1 virus has a very peculiar shape, almost like a flower petal A better understanding of this matrix shell structure may help us understand this fusion and infection process " Marcelo Marcet Palacios, an endocrinologist at the University of Alberta and co-author of the paper, added, "our contribution is to use mathematical principles to help guide the scientific community in the right direction If our model is correct, then we can then start to study whether we can block or interfere with the virus entry mechanism, for example, by using a drug to cross link the 'petals' in the HIV-1 matrix shell structure, to prevent the HIV-1 virus particles from cracking and then prevent its virus genome from entering the host cells " 6 ELife: to reveal how macrophages of subperiosteal lymph sinus can help HIV-1 spread in immune organs doi: 10.7554/elife.47776 in a new study, John kehrl and Chung Park of National Institute of allergy and infectious diseases (NIAID) found in mice as the first layer of cells in drainage lymph nodes, subperiosteal lymph sinus Sinus) macrophages act as the "shuttle" vector of HIV-1 virus like particles These cells help them spread by loading the virus like particles into two types of immune cells - follicle dendritic cells and B cells In this new study, kehrl and park visualized possible early events in the transmission of HIV-1 like particles in mice They studied how the virus is transferred from lymph and blood through macrophages on the walls of the sinuses, and then into the underlying network of follicular dendritic cells Their study focused on a subgroup of macrophages in the sinusoid wall of the lymphoid organs, which provides an entry point for cell-cell contact, thus shuttling HIV-1 particles to follicular dendritic cells and B cells in the lymph nodes and spleen They found that a protein called mfg-e8 is essential for the normal function of this entry, because its absence severely limits the spread of HIV-1 to the follicular dendritic cell network Kehrl and park also found that the HIV-1 envelope, which encapsulates the virus particles and assists the virus to enter the cells, provides a way for mfg-e8 to bind Mfg-e8 can connect HIV-1 granules with the integrin of α V β 3 expressed in host cells These integrins assist cells in ingesting these viral particles, making them available to other types of cells, or in some cases targeting them for subsequent destruction They say further research is needed to see if this process involving mfg-e8 is beneficial to the host or virus 7 Cell Rep: new research shows that it is crucial to suppress HIV from the very beginning Doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.094 HIV labs around the world are trying to crack hi