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Protoplast fusion produces cells that contain a mixture of the
DNA
-containing organelles (nuclei, chloroplasts, and mitochondria) from both fusion parents. This chapter describes the production of rapeseed (
Brassica napus
) fusion-product cells where one of the nuclei is eliminated. In the absence of selection pressure, the remaining chloroplast/mitochondrial mixture segregates randomly as the cell divides, eventually creating different nuclear/chloroplast/mitochondrial combinations. These novel nucleo-cytoplasmic combinations are called cytoplasmic hybrids or “cybrids.”