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Prenatal education music is currently a popular prenatal education method.
Low-frequency, light music stimulates the neural function of the fetus’s auditory organs and promotes the development of the fetal brain.
In human fetuses, the ear canal opens around 20 weeks of gestation, while the ear canal of newborn mice opens only 11 days after birth.
Subplate neurons (SPNs) are one of the earliest born and mature neurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
Humans develop at 12 weeks of gestation, while mice do not appear until the second week of embryonic development.
However, subplate neurons have a shorter life span, appearing briefly in the early stages of development, and then disappearing in the late stages.
The function of the cerebral cortex can be shaped by sensory experience during the critical period of development.
The thalamus can integrate information seen by the eyes, heard by the ears, and felt by the cortex into the cerebral cortex.
Although the life cycle of the subplate neuron is short, it makes a huge contribution.
Before it "dies", it establishes a key channel of sensory information: the thalamus cortical axon (TC) connection is formed between the thalamus and the cortex.
Subsequent neurons projected to the fourth layer of the cortex through TC, which happened at the time when the ear canal of the young mouse was opened, which was slightly earlier than the key period for the formation of the above-mentioned cortical function.
The loop formed by subplate neurons in the early stages of development can change with the environment.
The mice can respond to sound stimulation on the 6th day after birth, and the spontaneous activity derived from the cochlea exists in the auditory cortex on the 7th day after birth.
On February 12, 2021, Patrick O.
Kanold's research team at Johns Hopkins University published a paper in Science Advances and found that early sound stimulation can reshape the connections between the auditory cortex sublaminar neurons and cortical neurons, and affect the cerebral cortex function.
It also explains to a certain extent why prenatal music promotes brain development.
The optical fiber recording system records the calcium ion activity of cortical neurons in the pups under sound stimulation.
Researchers used wide-field microscopic calcium ion imaging and found that 80 decibels of sound stimulation can significantly increase the 8-9 days after birth (before the opening of the ear canal) and after birth On days 13-15 (after the ear canal is opened) the neuronal activity of the auditory cortex, so the activation of neurons in the auditory cortex by sound can occur before the ear canal of the mouse is opened.
Functional examination of the subplate neuron connections in deaf mouse pups.
What happens to the auditory cortex if the transmission of sound to the mouse is blocked? The study used genetic mutation-induced deafness mouse models and found that the excitatory and inhibitory input between the auditory cortical sublaminar neurons and the 5/6th layer neurons of the cortex increased in pups with abnormal hearing around the 6th day after birth.
25%-30%.
This means that after losing the sound stimulation, it is compensated by increasing the connection with other neurons.
However, the complexity of the neural circuits in this area is decreasing, which can reflect hearing defects to a certain extent.
Therefore, these results indicate that sound can change the neural circuits of the auditory cortex.
Sound stimulation of the pups on the second day after birth.
Observe the changes in neuron connections.
When the sound signal reaches the subplate neurons, do the neurons in this area change? The researchers put mouse pups with normal hearing on the second day after birth in a quiet room with a speaker, or in a quiet room without a speaker.
It turns out that although it has no effect on the connections of neurons, sound stimulation can indeed increase the complexity of the neural connections formed between subplate neurons and cortical neurons.
However, the complexity of the loop increases even more after the ear canal is opened.
In the silent world, the pups' neuron connections change and the mouse populations exchange information by emitting sound waves of a certain frequency, thus forming an external sound stimulus to the pups.
The researchers found that when the pups did not survive the sound stimulation, the excitatory and inhibitory inputs of subplate neurons and other neurons in the cortex increased greatly, and the circuit complexity was reduced, similar to the deaf model mice, but in the young After the cub's ear canal is opened, the damage is even greater.
This indicates that the mice failed to survive in the language environment of their mothers after birth, and hearing abnormalities may occur when they survive in a silent environment.
In general, this article finds that the sound experience in the early stages of development will change the connections between cortical sublaminar neurons and other cortical neurons, forming a kind of "imprint" that affects the function of the cortex.
The auditory cortex of mice with congenital deafness or mouse pups growing in a silent world shows increased neuronal connections, but the complexity of their connections decreases.
Under the stimulation of low-frequency sound, the complexity of the pups' subplate neurons is obviously increased.
[References] 1.
Meng et al.
, Sci.
Adv.
2021; 7: eabc9155, Early peripheral activity alters nascent subplate circuits in the auditory cortex The pictures in the article are all from the references
Prenatal education music is currently a popular prenatal education method.
Low-frequency, light music stimulates the neural function of the fetus’s auditory organs and promotes the development of the fetal brain.
In human fetuses, the ear canal opens around 20 weeks of gestation, while the ear canal of newborn mice opens only 11 days after birth.
Subplate neurons (SPNs) are one of the earliest born and mature neurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
Humans develop at 12 weeks of gestation, while mice do not appear until the second week of embryonic development.
However, subplate neurons have a shorter life span, appearing briefly in the early stages of development, and then disappearing in the late stages.
The function of the cerebral cortex can be shaped by sensory experience during the critical period of development.
The thalamus can integrate information seen by the eyes, heard by the ears, and felt by the cortex into the cerebral cortex.
Although the life cycle of the subplate neuron is short, it makes a huge contribution.
Before it "dies", it establishes a key channel of sensory information: the thalamus cortical axon (TC) connection is formed between the thalamus and the cortex.
Subsequent neurons projected to the fourth layer of the cortex through TC, which happened at the time when the ear canal of the young mouse was opened, which was slightly earlier than the key period for the formation of the above-mentioned cortical function.
The loop formed by subplate neurons in the early stages of development can change with the environment.
The mice can respond to sound stimulation on the 6th day after birth, and the spontaneous activity derived from the cochlea exists in the auditory cortex on the 7th day after birth.
On February 12, 2021, Patrick O.
Kanold's research team at Johns Hopkins University published a paper in Science Advances and found that early sound stimulation can reshape the connections between the auditory cortex sublaminar neurons and cortical neurons, and affect the cerebral cortex function.
It also explains to a certain extent why prenatal music promotes brain development.
The optical fiber recording system records the calcium ion activity of cortical neurons in the pups under sound stimulation.
Researchers used wide-field microscopic calcium ion imaging and found that 80 decibels of sound stimulation can significantly increase the 8-9 days after birth (before the opening of the ear canal) and after birth On days 13-15 (after the ear canal is opened) the neuronal activity of the auditory cortex, so the activation of neurons in the auditory cortex by sound can occur before the ear canal of the mouse is opened.
Functional examination of the subplate neuron connections in deaf mouse pups.
What happens to the auditory cortex if the transmission of sound to the mouse is blocked? The study used genetic mutation-induced deafness mouse models and found that the excitatory and inhibitory input between the auditory cortical sublaminar neurons and the 5/6th layer neurons of the cortex increased in pups with abnormal hearing around the 6th day after birth.
25%-30%.
This means that after losing the sound stimulation, it is compensated by increasing the connection with other neurons.
However, the complexity of the neural circuits in this area is decreasing, which can reflect hearing defects to a certain extent.
Therefore, these results indicate that sound can change the neural circuits of the auditory cortex.
Sound stimulation of the pups on the second day after birth.
Observe the changes in neuron connections.
When the sound signal reaches the subplate neurons, do the neurons in this area change? The researchers put mouse pups with normal hearing on the second day after birth in a quiet room with a speaker, or in a quiet room without a speaker.
It turns out that although it has no effect on the connections of neurons, sound stimulation can indeed increase the complexity of the neural connections formed between subplate neurons and cortical neurons.
However, the complexity of the loop increases even more after the ear canal is opened.
In the silent world, the pups' neuron connections change and the mouse populations exchange information by emitting sound waves of a certain frequency, thus forming an external sound stimulus to the pups.
The researchers found that when the pups did not survive the sound stimulation, the excitatory and inhibitory inputs of subplate neurons and other neurons in the cortex increased greatly, and the circuit complexity was reduced, similar to the deaf model mice, but in the young After the cub's ear canal is opened, the damage is even greater.
This indicates that the mice failed to survive in the language environment of their mothers after birth, and hearing abnormalities may occur when they survive in a silent environment.
In general, this article finds that the sound experience in the early stages of development will change the connections between cortical sublaminar neurons and other cortical neurons, forming a kind of "imprint" that affects the function of the cortex.
The auditory cortex of mice with congenital deafness or mouse pups growing in a silent world shows increased neuronal connections, but the complexity of their connections decreases.
Under the stimulation of low-frequency sound, the complexity of the pups' subplate neurons is obviously increased.
[References] 1.
Meng et al.
, Sci.
Adv.
2021; 7: eabc9155, Early peripheral activity alters nascent subplate circuits in the auditory cortex The pictures in the article are all from the references
