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Infrared neural stimulation (Infrared neural stimulation) is one of the nerve regulation strategies.
At present, it mainly uses near-infrared light (common wavelength: 1.
2-2.
2 microns) to directly act on nerve tissues, thereby activating or inhibiting the firing of action potentials on neurons, thereby regulating The function of the brain.
The mechanism of infrared nerve stimulation is generally considered to be photothermal, that is, infrared light is absorbed by water to produce heat.
Sudden changes in temperature produce transmembrane capacitive currents on cells or activate thermosensitive ion channels, which in turn affects the electrical energy of nerve cells.
activity.
However, excessive photothermal effects often cause damage to cells and tissues.
On March 1, 2021, PNAS, the research group of Shu Yousheng of the Institute of Transformation of Brain Science, Fudan University, published a paper titled: Nonthermal and reversible control of neuronal signaling and behavior by midinfrared stimulation, the first report on Midinfrared Stimulation (MIRS) It can be used as a new type of neuromodulation strategy.
It is found that MIRS can regulate neuronal signal generation, action potential waveforms, and animal behavior, and this regulation has the characteristics of non-thermal, reversible, and long-distance.
In order to avoid the thermal effect of infrared, the research team of this work will focus on mid-infrared light (2.
5-25 micron wavelength), especially mid-infrared wavelengths with low water absorption (such as 3.
5-5.
7 micron, corresponding frequency is 85.
6-52.
6 THz) .Why is it speculated that mid-infrared light can regulate the electrical activity of neurons? The generation of action potentials depends on the activity of ion channel proteins on the cell membrane (including channel opening, closing, ion screening and permeability, etc.
), especially voltage-gated sodium channels and potassium channels, and the vibration frequency of the internal chemical bonds of these biological macromolecules In the mid-infrared range.
If the mid-infrared light of a specific frequency resonates with the key chemical bonds of the ion channel, it may regulate the function of the channel, thereby affecting the electrical activity of neurons.
Based on the above ideas, this research combines cutting-edge technologies in different fields such as electrophysiology, molecular simulation, and light field imaging to conduct systematic research on the three levels of molecules, cells, and overall behavior, and found that mid-infrared stimulation (MIRS) with a wavelength of 5.
6 micrometers Can regulate nerve signals and behavior in a non-thermal way.
Doctoral student Liu Xi first innovatively used carbon fiber electrodes to measure the range of heat caused by the tip of the mid-infrared fiber in the solution, and then investigated the neuromodulation effects of MIRS in an area far away from the fiber without temperature increase.
At the molecular level, it is found that the carbonyl group (-C=O) enriched in the functional domain responsible for potassium ion selectivity in the potassium channel resonantly absorbs the photon energy of MIRS, resulting in an increase in the permeability of potassium ions and an increase in potassium current; and All resonance peaks of the carboxyl group (-COO) in the sodium channel responsible for screening sodium ions are inconsistent with MIRS, thus "missing" the opportunity to accumulate energy (ie, no response).
We also observed that the effect of MIRS slowly attenuates as the distance between the fiber tip and the neuron (d) increases, showing a 1/d attenuation law instead of 1/d2.
This anomaly suggests that neurons may have a quantum-harvesting effect on mid-infrared photons.
At the cellular level, the increased potassium current on the one hand narrows the waveform of the neuron’s output signal—the action potential, and on the other hand produces a shunting effect, which makes the cell’s response to weak stimuli weaker and more responsive to strong stimuli.
The response is stronger, showing gain modulation.At the level of overall animal behavior, MIRS regulates the escape behavior of zebrafish caused by stimuli of different intensities, that is, under the action of MIRS, animal behavior “weak when weak is weak, and strong when strong”.
Therefore, MIRS can be used as a new type of neuromodulation method to regulate neuronal activity and behavior in a non-invasive, non-thermal, and reversible manner, and has clinical application value for potential brain function regulation and brain disease treatment.
This work is the result of the joint cooperation of multiple units.
Fudan University Brain Science Transformation Research Institute (http://itbr.
fudan.
edu.
cn/) Shu Yousheng's research group, combined with Song Bo's research group of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, hot spring research group of University of Science and Technology of China, and Chang Chao's research of National Defense Science and Technology Innovation Research Institute The group and the Mao Lanqun research group of the Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences jointly completed this work.
Liu Xi, a doctoral student at Beijing Normal University, Qiao Zhi, a doctoral student at Xi’an Jiaotong University, Yuming Chai, a doctoral student at the University of Science and Technology of China, and Zhu Zhi from the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology are the co-first authors.
Link to the original text: https://doi.
org/10.
1073/pnas.
2015685118 Reprinting.
Note that the copyright of this article belongs to the author of the article.
Reprinting is prohibited without permission.
The author has all legal rights and the offender must be investigated.
Plate maker: Eleven
At present, it mainly uses near-infrared light (common wavelength: 1.
2-2.
2 microns) to directly act on nerve tissues, thereby activating or inhibiting the firing of action potentials on neurons, thereby regulating The function of the brain.
The mechanism of infrared nerve stimulation is generally considered to be photothermal, that is, infrared light is absorbed by water to produce heat.
Sudden changes in temperature produce transmembrane capacitive currents on cells or activate thermosensitive ion channels, which in turn affects the electrical energy of nerve cells.
activity.
However, excessive photothermal effects often cause damage to cells and tissues.
On March 1, 2021, PNAS, the research group of Shu Yousheng of the Institute of Transformation of Brain Science, Fudan University, published a paper titled: Nonthermal and reversible control of neuronal signaling and behavior by midinfrared stimulation, the first report on Midinfrared Stimulation (MIRS) It can be used as a new type of neuromodulation strategy.
It is found that MIRS can regulate neuronal signal generation, action potential waveforms, and animal behavior, and this regulation has the characteristics of non-thermal, reversible, and long-distance.
In order to avoid the thermal effect of infrared, the research team of this work will focus on mid-infrared light (2.
5-25 micron wavelength), especially mid-infrared wavelengths with low water absorption (such as 3.
5-5.
7 micron, corresponding frequency is 85.
6-52.
6 THz) .Why is it speculated that mid-infrared light can regulate the electrical activity of neurons? The generation of action potentials depends on the activity of ion channel proteins on the cell membrane (including channel opening, closing, ion screening and permeability, etc.
), especially voltage-gated sodium channels and potassium channels, and the vibration frequency of the internal chemical bonds of these biological macromolecules In the mid-infrared range.
If the mid-infrared light of a specific frequency resonates with the key chemical bonds of the ion channel, it may regulate the function of the channel, thereby affecting the electrical activity of neurons.
Based on the above ideas, this research combines cutting-edge technologies in different fields such as electrophysiology, molecular simulation, and light field imaging to conduct systematic research on the three levels of molecules, cells, and overall behavior, and found that mid-infrared stimulation (MIRS) with a wavelength of 5.
6 micrometers Can regulate nerve signals and behavior in a non-thermal way.
Doctoral student Liu Xi first innovatively used carbon fiber electrodes to measure the range of heat caused by the tip of the mid-infrared fiber in the solution, and then investigated the neuromodulation effects of MIRS in an area far away from the fiber without temperature increase.
At the molecular level, it is found that the carbonyl group (-C=O) enriched in the functional domain responsible for potassium ion selectivity in the potassium channel resonantly absorbs the photon energy of MIRS, resulting in an increase in the permeability of potassium ions and an increase in potassium current; and All resonance peaks of the carboxyl group (-COO) in the sodium channel responsible for screening sodium ions are inconsistent with MIRS, thus "missing" the opportunity to accumulate energy (ie, no response).
We also observed that the effect of MIRS slowly attenuates as the distance between the fiber tip and the neuron (d) increases, showing a 1/d attenuation law instead of 1/d2.
This anomaly suggests that neurons may have a quantum-harvesting effect on mid-infrared photons.
At the cellular level, the increased potassium current on the one hand narrows the waveform of the neuron’s output signal—the action potential, and on the other hand produces a shunting effect, which makes the cell’s response to weak stimuli weaker and more responsive to strong stimuli.
The response is stronger, showing gain modulation.At the level of overall animal behavior, MIRS regulates the escape behavior of zebrafish caused by stimuli of different intensities, that is, under the action of MIRS, animal behavior “weak when weak is weak, and strong when strong”.
Therefore, MIRS can be used as a new type of neuromodulation method to regulate neuronal activity and behavior in a non-invasive, non-thermal, and reversible manner, and has clinical application value for potential brain function regulation and brain disease treatment.
This work is the result of the joint cooperation of multiple units.
Fudan University Brain Science Transformation Research Institute (http://itbr.
fudan.
edu.
cn/) Shu Yousheng's research group, combined with Song Bo's research group of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, hot spring research group of University of Science and Technology of China, and Chang Chao's research of National Defense Science and Technology Innovation Research Institute The group and the Mao Lanqun research group of the Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences jointly completed this work.
Liu Xi, a doctoral student at Beijing Normal University, Qiao Zhi, a doctoral student at Xi’an Jiaotong University, Yuming Chai, a doctoral student at the University of Science and Technology of China, and Zhu Zhi from the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology are the co-first authors.
Link to the original text: https://doi.
org/10.
1073/pnas.
2015685118 Reprinting.
Note that the copyright of this article belongs to the author of the article.
Reprinting is prohibited without permission.
The author has all legal rights and the offender must be investigated.
Plate maker: Eleven
