Pig production and related policy issues in China (8.16)

OA show ('918 '); Han Gaoju, deputy director of the animal husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of the Ministry of agriculture, plays a very important role in China's animal husbandry How about the production of pigs, which directly affects the whole animal husbandry, has always been the focus of the animal husbandry industry and even the whole society The summary of the research in this area is of great benefit to the research of animal husbandry and the direct production of animal husbandry 1 Overview of pig production in China, pig production has the following characteristics: first, large quantity and rapid development At the beginning of the reform and opening up, there were about 300 million live pigs on hand in China, and 10 million tons of pork was allowed, accounting for 94% of the total meat output By 1997, there were 390 million live pigs on hand, 450 million pigs on hand, and 34.64 million tons of pork Compared with the 1980s, the number of stocks on hand has increased by 30%, and the output of pork has more than tripled The stock and pork account for 50% and 42% of the world's total respectively, which play an important role in the world's pig industry With the development of pig production, the broiler industry and cattle and sheep industry are booming, and the proportion of pork gradually decreases In 1997, pork accounted for 67% of meat Although the proportion has decreased by 27% in the past 20 years, its importance has not been reduced Pig production is still the big head of animal husbandry, and pork consumption is still the main body of people's meat, becoming an indispensable consumer goods in people's daily life Second, the scope is wide and the focus is prominent Pig farming is a traditional industry in China, which has a broad social basis Most of the country is engaged in this production, but its key areas are very obvious Sichuan, Hunan, Henan, Hebei, Hubei and more than ten provinces and cities have been the main pig producing areas and pork transfer out areas, which has not been greatly impacted so far In 1997, there were 294.95 million live pigs in 10 major producing provinces, accounting for 65.4% of the national total, which is enough to show its importance However, in recent years, the three northeastern provinces that needed to be transferred in the past have given full play to the advantages of rich food resources and made great efforts in grain transformation, achieving results In 1997, the number of pigs on the market reached 35.55 million, an increase of 11.88 million over 1980, and the meat production reached 4.53 million tons In addition to meeting the local demand, pork and live pigs were transferred out of the country every year, which changed the situation of food transfer out and pork transfer in in the past and became a new pork production base Third, there are many varieties and new technologies China is the largest pig producer in the world, and also the country with the most feed varieties As many as 60 local breeds have been collected in "China pig breed record", and a considerable part of these breeds have played an important role in production Some good local breeds, such as Meishan pig, have become the important basis for breeding new breeds In addition, China has also introduced a large number of excellent varieties from abroad, mainly including Yorkshire, Changbai, Duroc and Dika mating lines, which have played a positive role in cultivating new varieties, improving local varieties and improving productivity Over the years, a large number of advanced technologies have been adopted in terms of variety, feed, feeding, equipment, technology and management, which have continuously improved the productivity and quality of pigs in China, narrowed the gap with developed countries, and some of them have reached the advanced level in foreign countries It should be said that pig production can continue to develop, to a large extent, thanks to the scientific and technological progress in this field 。 Fourth, the pattern is good and the mechanism is flexible The reason why pig production in China has become an important industry, a new growth point of rural economy in many places, an important way for farmers to increase their income and become a new source of tax revenue is that the pattern of pig production in China is in line with the reality of our country and the operation mechanism meets the requirements of socialist market economy With thousands of households as the main body, appropriate development of scale management, maintaining the advantages of farmers' pig raising at this stage, reflecting the trend of specialized production, has strong vitality in China In 1985, the state abolished the unified purchase system, completely liberalized the purchase and sale price of pigs, implemented the coexistence of multiple business channels and multiple economic components, introduced the market mechanism, and injected vitality into pig production The following period was the fastest growing period of pig production in China From 1979 to 1985, the production of pork increased by 65%, while from 1985 to 1997, it increased by more than twice, much higher than the price The speed of development before the liberation 2 This year's pig production is generally developing, but its development process is not smooth In recent 20 years, there have been several major twists and turns, which are still fresh in the memory of producers This year's production is also special In the first half of the year, the market price of pigs continued to decline In May, the lowest price of pigs was only 4.72 yuan per kilogram, the price of piglets was 4.69 yuan, and the price of pork was 8.47 yuan, down 21.5%, 44.2% and 19.5% respectively compared with the same period last year In recent years, it has become the period with the lowest price and the largest decline This year's price fluctuation is different from the past First, the price of piglets has fallen below the price of pigs, which is unprecedented in the past Second, the price drop in the main corn producing areas is larger than the national average On the contrary, the price drop in the non corn producing areas is smaller than the national average Third, the phenomenon of killing sows is less than in the past, and wait-and-see phenomenon is more common There are many reasons for the price drop As far as the whole country is concerned, there are many problems, such as overproduction, sluggish market demand, unsmooth circulation links, and excessive taxes and fees From 1995 to 1997, the price of live pigs was always high, the producers generally expanded the scale, kept a large number of sows, the market pork supply was sufficient, and there were periodic, regional and structural surplus; influenced by the overall domestic consumption level, the consumption of livestock products was not prosperous, in addition, the health quality of livestock products has attracted the attention of consumers, and the epidemic disease also had a certain impact on the consumption; in some places Fang engaged in regional blockade and monopolized operation, which hindered the circulation; excessive taxes, repeated collection and unreasonable apportionment made production worse In response to this situation, the Ministry of agriculture has issued information for many times to guide producers to adjust production and reduce losses, and has separately and jointly issued a notice to six ministries and bureaus to try to reverse the adverse situation of pig production Until June this year, prices began to rise for the first time in nearly ten months, and the situation of pig production improved In July, the price of live pigs was 4.97 yuan per kilogram, piglets 5.04 yuan and pork 9.06 yuan, down 17.4%, 40.0% and 14.0% respectively compared with the same period last year, but up 5.3%, 7.5% and 7.0% respectively compared with May Although the price level is still very low, and there is still a long way to go before the profit, due to the low price of feed, the benefit of pig production has been improved, and the ratio of pig to food has returned to 1:4.2, which shows an upward trend It is expected that the situation will further improve What's more, under the extremely unfavorable situation of production, some pig producers still maintain a certain scale of production, and the price of pig has not dropped significantly at the same time The next step of production recovery has a good foundation It is worth mentioning that the decline in pig prices since last year has been global, with a decline of 30% - 60%, mainly due to the demand decline caused by the previous overproduction and the financial crisis With the time of China's accession to the WTO becoming more and more mature, China's pig production will inevitably face the problem of global economic integration in the future, which can not be ignored Both the government and the producers should study countermeasures to meet this worldwide challenge Third, the development of pig production in the next step cannot be separated from the overall agricultural and even the national economic environment After 20 years of reform and development, agriculture has undergone profound changes and entered a new stage of development The supply of agricultural products has changed from a long-term private ownership to a basic balance, the development of agriculture has changed from a resource constraint to a dual constraint of resources and markets, and agriculture has changed from solving the problem of food and clothing to entering a well-off society The Third Plenary Session of the 15th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pointed out that with the development of agriculture and the improvement of residents' consumption level, animal husbandry should be placed in a more important position in time to promote the further development of planting and processing industry, which is the objective need of agricultural development and a good opportunity to accelerate the development of animal husbandry Animal husbandry should undertake more important tasks in the new situation In the future, pig production should grasp the characteristics of agricultural reform in the new stage, adhere to the market demand, rely on scientific and technological progress, give full play to resource advantages, adjust production structure, improve product quality and improve comprehensive benefits Pig producers should carefully study and actively adapt to the changing agricultural situation, and deeply understand and actively practice the policy spirit of the central government guiding agricultural development, instead of blindly engaging in and losing the good opportunity for development With the deepening of the reform of market economy, the government's direct intervention in production in the planned economy period will be less and less, and more indirect regulation The producers should have a clear understanding of this, change their ideas, rely on their own strength, and be based on the market We should pay attention to the current policy orientation and key work of the management, mainly in the following aspects: first, implement several policies After the fluctuation of pig price, local governments at all levels attached great importance to it and issued a series of policies to help producers get through the difficulties and achieved good results The Ministry of agriculture and other six ministries and bureaus jointly issued and approved several policies and measures to stabilize pig production First, we should rectify the market price order and collect taxes and fees on pigs 2、 We will strengthen the construction of good pig breeding lines and promote the adjustment of pig production structure 3、 We will further standardize slaughtering practices and invigorate market circulation 4、 Implement local pork reserve 5、 Agricultural Bank of China provides necessary micro credit for those in line with the credit principle 6、 Do a good job in production and marketing coordination and information services These policies and measures have strong pertinence The key is that governments at all levels and relevant departments should work together to implement them Second, adjust the structure Adjusting the structure is the most prominent problem in the whole agriculture The fluctuation of pig price makes the adjustment of pig production structure more necessary To optimize the structure according to the market demand, the general guiding ideology is to stabilize the quantity, improve the quality, adjust the layout and expand the processing The development of such guiding ideology is mainly based on the following analysis: the total domestic consumption has reached a high level and will not be greatly improved in the near future, but the market will inevitably put forward new and higher requirements for pork quality and variety As long as we seize the opportunity and select the target, it is possible to further expand the international and domestic markets and create a broader development for pig production Space To stabilize the quantity is to keep the quantity of existing stocks basically stable China's pig population has accounted for 50% of the world's total, and the absolute quantity is not small In the future, efforts should be made to increase the number of pigs on the market Through strengthening scientific and technological measures, we should improve the rate of pigs on the market, increase the carcass weight and increase the meat production To improve the quality is to improve the quality of pork Speed up variety improvement and increase the proportion of lean type pigs Many places put forward to speed up the promotion of "three hybrid" pigs and mating lines to adapt to the current market orientation It should be noted that China's market has a wide range of diversity, and attention should also be paid to the development and rational utilization of local varieties To adjust the layout is to make full use of the regions and resources of different regions