Pay attention to children's health! These studies are worth reading!

In this paper, I have compiled several research reports to jointly interpret the new progress made by scientists in the field of children's health research and share with you! Photo source: www.pixabay.com [1] immunity: dopamine may be the culprit of childhood asthma doi: 10.1016/j.immunity.2019.10.002 According to a recent article published in the Journal of immunology, neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine can communicate with T cells to enhance allergic inflammation in the lungs of young mice, but not in the lungs of old mice These findings may explain why the prevalence of asthma in children is higher than in adults By studying the interaction between the nervous system and the immune system and the important role of childhood asthma, it is helpful to develop new strategies for the treatment of childhood asthma "This is the first study to reveal age-related neural-t cell signaling and its impact on the susceptibility of young children to asthma," said Xing bin AI, a senior researcher at Brigham women's Hospital and Harvard University at Massachusetts General Hospital Since asthma usually starts in early childhood, we believe that identifying disease mechanisms in childhood will provide new therapeutic targets for early intervention of asthma " Asthma is a potential life-threatening chronic disease, which causes intermittent inflammation and narrowing of the lung airway, causing wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and coughing Although medication and management of environmental triggers can help control symptoms, there is no cure for the disease In the United States, asthma affects more than 26 million people, including 6 million children 【2】 Obility reviews: gut microbes are the key factor to cause childhood obesity doi: 10.1111/obr.12963 recently, scientists from Wake Forest Baptist Health published a review that suggested that gut bacteria and their interactions with immune cells and metabolic organs (including adipose tissue) play a key role in childhood obesity "We have long believed that obesity is the result of too many calories However, a series of studies over the past decade have confirmed that microbes in our gut may be one of the causes of obesity, "said Dr hariom Yadav, assistant professor of molecular medicine at Wake Forest medical school According to the Centers for Disease Control and prevention, the percentage of children and adolescents affected by obesity in the United States has more than tripled since the 1970s The article points out that among the school-age children, obesity is increasing at a rate of 2.3% every year, which indicates that the health prospects of the next generation are worrying 【3】 Cancer cell: targeted therapy helps to treat children's fatal nerve cancer doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.09.002 according to a recent study published in cancer cell, researchers in Sinai mountain have developed a targeted treatment for adult neuroblastoma (a fatal child nerve cancer) patients Neuroblastoma occurs in immature nerve cells of adrenal gland and spine during the development of sympathetic nervous system Neuroblastoma is one of the most common and aggressive tumors of the nervous system in children Its prognosis is usually poor, especially in older children The treatment success rate of this disease is quite different, but it is generally lower in adolescent patients, especially because of the lack of effective targeted treatment 【4】 JAMA pediatr: watch out! Children with immune system dysfunction are more likely to suffer from serious bacterial infection doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3203 recently, a research report published in the international journal JAMA Pediatrics, scientists from Murdoch children's Institute found that bacteria causing pneumonia and meningitis Sexual infection may be related to the decrease of immune system function in children The researchers pointed out that invasive pneumococcosis (especially more than once) may be an important sign of children's immune deficiency, but the delay of diagnosis may seriously affect the doctors' timely diagnosis and treatment of children Pneumococcal disease is mainly manifested as bacterial infection of the patient's main organs or blood, which often leads to serious health problems, such as septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis and blood infection Although more and more children are vaccinated at present, pneumococcal disease still causes about 826000 (11%) children under 5 years old to die in the world every year Amanda Gwee, a researcher, says that even with the best vaccine coverage, there are studies that suggest that a group of children are still very vulnerable to deadly bacterial infections 【5】 Blood: new research reveals that the mechanism of CD137 affecting the development of childhood lymphoma doi: 10.1182/blood.2019000644 immune system is very complex Only the precise interaction of various factors can ensure a reliable and correct immune response in a healthy body The abnormal regulation of immune response is the main cause of many diseases (including cancer, autoimmunity and immune deficiency) According to a recent study published in the Journal of blood, Kaan boztu et al From the children's Cancer Research Institute of Santa Ana, Austria, studied four patients from different families with malignant tumors and autoimmunity And immunodeficient children were investigated The common feature of these patients is that there is a mutation in the gene encoding CD137, which leads to the dysfunction of protein CD137 This dysfunction impairs the normal function of immune surveillance, especially for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) - associated lymphoma Photo source: http://cn.bing.com [6] SCI Rep: old trees open new flowers! Heart disease drugs can significantly improve the survival rate of children with invasive brain tumors doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46700-z researchers at the University of Nottingham found that the use of a heart drug can significantly improve the survival rate of children with ependymoma (a brain tumor) The results of the study are published in scientific Reports, led by experts from the University's School of medicine and life sciences Studies have shown that combination therapy with a drug commonly used for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy can overcome chemotherapy resistance and improve the survival rate of more than one third of patients with ependymoma Ependymoma is the second most common malignant brain tumor in children They can occur at all ages, but children's results are worse than adults The survival rate of infants was the lowest, and the 5-year prognosis was only 42% - 55% Because of the success of chemotherapy in children with ependymoma, it is often considered that ependymoma is a tumor with chemical tolerance, because more than half of the tumors can not be cured by chemotherapy alone 【7】 Biorxiv: Enterovirus may be the main cause of acute myasthenic myelitis in children doi: 10.1101/666230 In a new study, researchers from the University of California, San Francisco, the Chen Zuckerberg biological center, the Massachusetts General Hospital, the Brigham women's Hospital, the Caesar Oakland medical center, the California Department of public health, the University of Colorado, the Boston Children's Hospital and the University of Ottawa in Canada point to a mysterious spinal cord like disorder that paralyzes children The disease of polio may be related to enterovirus They associate acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), a rare disease that has emerged in the United States since 2014, with an enterovirus and related pathogens called ev-d68, although it is unclear whether this group of viruses is the only cause The relevant research results were recently published on biorxiv Over 500 children have been diagnosed with AFM in the past five years These cases are similar to those typical of enterovirus infection, namely, the high incidence rate and low incidence rate alternated from one year to the next In the United States, there were 22 AFMS in 2015, 149 in 2016, 35 in 2017 and 232 in 2018 The disease attacks gray matter in the spinal cord, so Michael Wilson, a neuroscientist at the University of California, San Francisco, and colleagues at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) want to study whether enteroviruses may be present in this part of the body of affected children 【8】 The Lancet: a new treatment for childhood epilepsy doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736 (19) 30724-x according to a new study recently published in the lancet, researchers have determined the optimal treatment for childhood epilepsy In the UK, 87 people are diagnosed with epilepsy every day, affecting more than 600000 people Many people newly diagnosed with epilepsy experience memory and other cognitive problems The cause of these problems is not clear Its annual incidence rate is 20 per 10 000, which is the second most common cause of unplanned admission in the British pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), also known as anticonvulsants, are used to control epileptic seizures Convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) refers to the situation in which tonic clonic seizure itself or with anticonvulsant drugs cannot stop This is the most common life-threatening neurological emergency in children Currently, CSE is treated using algorithms that include a 10 minute interval between treatments When CSE persists after two doses of first-line treatment (an anticonvulsant called benzodiazepines) or individualized emergency treatment (rescue) for children, second-line treatment is given 【9】 SCI Rep: noninvasive vaccine can effectively prevent the occurrence of malignant virus infection in children doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42645-5 millions of people are infected with hepatitis B every year Thousands of people died as a result Children are especially in danger Many people in developing countries are not vaccinated against this dangerous virus due to the high cost and stable environmental conditions required for vaccine storage Therefore, researchers have been working on the production of drop or powder oral vaccines Oral vaccination is cheaper and easier to manage than injection However, at present, researchers have not developed enough effective oral hepatitis B vaccine Physicists from the Niels Bohr Institute, a researcher at the University of Sao Paulo and the butantan Institute, have teamed up to introduce a technology to the pharmaceutical industry that could help develop the best oral hepatitis B vaccine One of the main challenges of making oral vaccines is to wrap them in materials that can withstand the harsh conditions of our digestive system, so as to protect the vaccines from being damaged before they reach the intended destination in vivo Danish research team's partners in Brazil have long known that SBA-15, a silica material, is very suitable for encapsulating hepatitis B vaccine However, they do not know exactly how the material protects the vaccine They are also not sure why their vaccine is not always fully effective 【10】 Hepatology: breakthrough! The study found the first gene mutation associated with biliary atresia in children! Doi: 10.1002/hep.30515 researchers from the University of Colorado at the school of Anschutz medical school and researchers from several other research institutes found a gene defect related to biliary atresia (BA), which is the most common cause of late childhood liver disease The related research results were published in hepatology recently By finding mutations associated with the disease, Sokol and researchers from Emory University, Utah University, Philadelphia children's Hospital, Washington University in St Louis and others may have identified the cause of the fatal disease The researchers used a new generation of base