Past and present life and important applications of amyloid A (SAA)

Author: Chen Junwen, Shanwei People's Hospital

Author: Chen Junwen, Shanwei People's Hospital

SAA is an apolipoprotein synthesized in the liver under external stimuli.
This gene family consists of two highly homologous sequences, SAA1 and SAA2, and distant relatives, SAA3 and SAA4.
The SAA4 gene encodes and expresses a protein containing 114 amino acid residues.
The acute-phase high-density lipoprotein components, SAA1 and SAA2, are induced during the inflammatory response and are referred to as acute-phase SAA or A-SSA
.

^[1] Using iodine-35 radioimmunoassay technology, it was found that this stable and conservative SAA is a normal physiological component of human blood.

^{[1] [1]} [1] ^{[2] [2]} [2] ^{[3] [3]} [3]

figure 1

figure 1

IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α produced during the body's immune response interact with the corresponding receptors on the cell surface or synergize with glucocorticoids to stimulate the expression of liver SAA ^[4] (see Figure 2-A)
.

The acetyltransferase reporter assay confirmed that there are three types of regulatory elements at the 50bp position of the A-SAA gene: (NF)-KP (GGGACTTTCC), NF-IL6 (AGGTTACACAACTG), which are regulated by (NF)-KP, NF-IL6, respectively.

IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α produced during the body's immune response interact with the corresponding receptors on the cell surface or synergize with glucocorticoids to stimulate the expression of liver SAA ^[4] (see Figure 2-A)

Figure 2 (A, B, C)

Figure 2 (A, B, C)

Figure 2 (A, B, C)

 

Acute-phase inflammatory response, including microbial infection, traumatic stress, autoimmune disease, cerebral infarction and myocardial infarction, cancer will produce various acute-phase proteins ^[4,7]
.

The culture of laboratory diagnosis of pathogens is the gold standard for diagnosis in infectious diseases.

Acute-phase inflammatory response, including microbial infection, traumatic stress, autoimmune disease, cerebral infarction and myocardial infarction, cancer will produce various acute-phase proteins ^[4,7]

Figure 4

In summary, although SAA is not an infectious disease-specific marker, it increases when many diseases lead to acute-phase reactions
.

However, in the identification of different types of infections such as bacteria, fungi and viruses, the evaluation of the selection and discontinuation of antibiotics, the evaluation of the severity of disease progression, and the diagnosis of early childhood infection ^[11] , the combination of A-SAA and other indicators is important.

In summary, although SAA is not an infectious disease-specific marker, it increases when many diseases lead to acute-phase reactions

The current detection methods of SAA include immune scattering turbidimetry ^[9] , enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ^[7] and so on

References: 1.

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