On the Countermeasures of freshwater aquaculture after China's entry into WTO

Introduction: China's accession to the WTO will have a greater impact on agriculture, while freshwater aquaculture may bring development opportunities in the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure In China, because of the relatively low cost and abundant labor resources, freshwater aquaculture has a price advantage in many products Facing this opportunity, it is worth thinking about which aquatic products will enter the international market In addition, with the further opening of the market, if our aquaculture products cannot or are "unwilling" to enter the world market, other countries' aquatic products will enter the market of our country, and if they enter, they will occupy our original market, and they will also face fierce competition Therefore, we should firmly grasp the transitional period of several years before the implementation of WTO rules, comprehensively study the rules of WTO, formulate relevant strategies, and change the pressure into the driving force Work out the overall strategy of the industry, fully prepare various countermeasures, and win the competition and market with our strength WTO is an international economic and Trade Organization At present, it has 135 member countries The trade volume among member countries accounts for 90% of the total world trade, and it is a comprehensive multilateral international trade system based on market economy China's accession to the WTO means that with the development of economic globalization, not only the market opening, but also the economic operation must follow the international rules, and the rules must be obeyed compulsorily Now we have a great deal of randomness in the implementation of the general international rules For our freshwater breeders, we must first face open markets and tariffs, and then some basic principles that we must abide by, such as the principle of diminishing trade barriers, the principle of fair trade, the principle of general prohibition of quantitative restrictions, the principle of protection of trade-related intellectual property rights, the principle of reciprocity, the principle of non discrimination, the principle of transparency, safeguard provisions and so on In order to make our aquaculture products win the international market, the first thing we need to do is to achieve high quality products, and the second is to have low cost, so that the real "low price and good quality" products can win the market In order to enter the WTO smoothly, we should not only know the rules of international trade, but also know the other and know the already, that is to know the international and domestic market demand and the characteristics of our own breeding products Therefore, we should consider three aspects when exploring the Countermeasures of freshwater aquaculture 1、 In the long run, China's entry into WTO will have a positive impact on the reform of economic system, the adjustment of industrial structure, the enhancement of international competition and the improvement of international status However, from the perspective of individual industries, they are different Those with comparative advantages will bring opportunities and some industries will be impacted For the aquatic industry, the opportunities are as follows: 1 It is conducive to the development of the international market of aquatic products in China; it can enjoy the unconditional multilateral preferential treatment of 134 Contracting States; it can attract foreign capital, technology and management experience to enter the field of aquatic products, and promote the development in the direction of modernization in line with the international track 2 It is conducive to the adjustment of the structure of aquatic industry and aquatic products In order to improve the competitiveness, the production cost must be reduced and the product quality must be improved In addition to the modernization of the aquatic industry, the production must be organized according to the requirements of the international market for variety and quality, such as the development of tilapia and channel catfish in freshwater aquaculture 3 It is conducive to promoting the technological progress of aquatic enterprises and enhancing their competitiveness Enterprises must keep up with the international situation, strengthen their own construction, increase investment in science and technology, enhance the research and development capacity of new products, and improve the degree of modernization 4 Promote the reform of the management system and management system of state-owned enterprises Through the introduction of capital, technology, management methods, and improvement of the contract system, the enterprises will become the legal entity and market competition subject with independent management and self responsibility for profits and losses Through strategic restructuring, the enterprises will develop into powerful enterprise groups, strengthen industry alliances, and enhance international competitiveness 5 The international environment that is conducive to fair competition for aquatic products export The WTO has the authority to resolve disputes, which is conducive to the fair and reasonable adjudication of aquatic products export in China in the face of unreasonable anti-dumping charges and discriminatory retaliation from other countries 6 It is conducive to the construction of the information network of the aquaculture industry Two The challenges faced by the aquaculture industry The opportunities for the aquaculture industry are also the opportunities for the freshwater aquaculture industry We should firmly grasp the opportunities, and analyze the challenges faced by the industry according to the characteristics of the industry, so as to seek countermeasures 1 Complying with the regulations of market opening will impact the price and market share of aquatic products in China With the expansion of market access, tariff reduction and elimination of non-tariff measures, such as the gradual elimination of import quota system in aquatic products, and the reduction of import tariff, more foreign aquatic products will enter China's market (such as aquatic products in Eastern Europe, North America and Southeast Asia) The improvement of investment environment will attract more foreign investors, which will pose a threat to the existing domestic freshwater aquaculture enterprises, because most of them are small in scale, single in variety, low in technical content, lack of competitiveness in products, backward in aquaculture technology, labor-intensive, and mainly supplied to the domestic market, with a small proportion of processing or export Before entering WTO, the import trade of bulk aquatic products is protected by preferential policies (import tax 45%), and will be impacted by similar products after entering WTO With the opening of the market, a large number of foreign aquatic products with high quality and low price will enter the market of our country In the near future, due to the restriction of residents' consumption habits and purchasing power, domestic aquatic products will temporarily maintain their advantages However, with the improvement of people's living standards and the renewal of consumption concepts, such advantages will no longer exist 2 After China's accession to the WTO, China will agree to increase market access for imported commodities and eliminate trade barriers Export subsidies will no longer be granted For a long time, in order to encourage export, China has given export enterprises a higher amount of export subsidies After China's accession to the WTO, it will face the elimination of export subsidies, which means that our enterprises have to compete for the international market with higher prices, and the export resistance of aquatic products increases, especially freshwater aquatic products 3 Animal and plant quarantine is far away from international standards After China's accession to WTO, we will face trade with 134 countries There are high requirements for animal and plant quarantine of aquatic products in the world, but there is still a long distance between China and international standards in this respect 4 The current foreign-related economic laws, regulations and relevant policies are not in line with the provisions of WTO rules Enterprises have insufficient experience in foreign trade and do not have a deep understanding of the rules of the game in the international market They will be punished or returned because they do not know the trade laws and regulations of the importing country, thus causing economic losses to enterprises and countries 5 Freshwater aquaculture enterprises are small in scale, scattered in operation, lack of industrial organizations and overall joint efforts, unable to obtain scale economic benefits In the face of many strong hands in intensive, large-scale and large-scale production, China's situation of large distribution and small batch production is bound to be greatly impacted The foreign market economy is developed, the market is mature, and the channels and means of international marketing are advanced But our management is backward, the market consciousness is not strong, the management idea is not new, the marketing channel is not smooth, the marketing means is backward and so on, it is difficult to make profits in the international marketing of aquatic products 3、 Countermeasures WTO is based on rules and regulations In order to implement these principles, we need to face the following: ① the transformation of government management mode (making laws and regulations, administrating according to laws, administrating according to regulations); ② the transformation of enterprises (competing under fair conditions at home and abroad); ③ the transformation of people's ideas (establishing legal concepts, engaging in all kinds of work on the basis of laws Market economy consciousness of equal competition consciousness) On this basis, the freshwater breeders should make it clear that our goal is to bring aquaculture products into the world market, so what we need to do urgently is: 1 Actively adjust the industrial structure of freshwater aquaculture, realize industrial upgrading (1) focus on the traditional production of products, adjust to pay equal attention to production and operation, and accelerate the development of aquaculture technology and information service industry (2) the aquaculture industry needs to constantly introduce new and excellent varieties, adjust the current aquaculture structure and mode, improve the proportion of famous and special products, promote the ecological aquaculture mode, gradually realize intensive aquaculture, factory fish farming, reduce the cost of aquaculture, reduce disease and pollution, improve product quality, enhance the international competitiveness of products, and actively meet the challenges of internationalization 。 (3) actively encourage the development of the tertiary industry of freshwater fishery, guide the healthy development of recreational fishery, and expand the development space of freshwater fishery Through the adjustment of industrial structure, especially the change of traditional operation mode, the mode of fishery growth will be changed When adjusting the industrial structure of freshwater aquaculture, we should actively develop the secondary and tertiary industries of aquaculture, such as vigorously developing freshwater aquaculture processing industry, improving the scientific and technological content and processing quality of processed products; establishing and improving the circulation system of aquatic products; strengthening the promotion of aquatic technology; providing information and consulting services for the production and operation of aquatic enterprises 2 Promote the development of pollution-free products and green products, break through the green barriers The main performance of the green barriers of aquatic products is the internal quality quarantine, inspection and the external packaging of aquatic products Some of the formation of green barriers are the problems of product quality in China, and some of them are discriminatory barriers against China due to external factors We should take different measures for different reasons and different objects, actively eliminate the impact of green barriers on China's exports, and expand the export of China's products (1) developing green products aquatic products, especially those from less polluted waters, are generally considered as green products, which provide a green source for aquatic products production Therefore, in the green production of aquatic products, the key is to start from the source, to implement green production, green packaging, obtain green signs, and establish a green image (2) in the implementation of HACCP project, freshwater aquaculture products should be pollution-free aquatic products, which means that after China's entry into WTO, the international market development of aquatic products must adopt the principle of HACCP HACCP means hazard analysis and key control points, which is a method of safety and quality control for food production mainly based on prevention, and is a common concept in global food industry, especially in aquatic industry At present, the propaganda of HACCP should be strengthened For example, products entering the EU market must meet at least one of three conditions: ① conform to the European standard EN and obtain the cen certification mark of the European Standardization Commission; ② products related to personal safety shall obtain the CE certification mark of the EU; ③ manufacturers entering the EU market shall obtain the ISO9000 certificate of conformity (in 1989, China adopted the international organization for standardization issued the equivalent) ISO9000 quality management and quality assurance standard issued by the State Council of the people's Republic of China; changed to be adopted equally in 1992) After the implementation of HACCP, it will be beneficial to obtain ISO9000 certificate For example, Japan has very strict requirements on pesticide residues in food, for example, in 1989, green tea exported to Japan by China was returned due to excessive pesticide residues; in 1993, more than 10 tons of frozen chicken in Shandong were found to have more than 0.01ppm of dimethylpyridinoline (i.e., gram ball powder) residues and returned; 1