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Written by nagashi Edit by Wang Cong Typesetting by Water In nature, organisms tend to give birth to as many offspring as possible in order to pass on their genes.
It has to be said that in many species, females invest more in the reproduction process.
Therefore, reproduction also encourages females to consume more food to maintain their energy balance.
In this regard, the "gut-brain axis" constitutes the two-way communication between the intestine and the brain.
More and more research evidence shows that the brain can affect the health and function of the intestine, and vice versa.
Now, scientists are revealing how the communication between the intestine and the brain maintains energy balance and regulates appetite.
In October 2020, the British Medical Research Council (MRC) and the Imperial College London School of Medicine and other research institutions jointly published a research paper entitled: Enteric neurons increase maternal food intake during reproduction on Nature.
This study found that the reason why fruit flies increase their food intake during reproduction is due to changes in the activity of neurons that "talk" to the intestine.
This finding helps explain how females increase their food intake to support their offspring after pregnancy, but when food intake is disrupted, it can also lead to infertility or weight gain.
Exploring how the gut-brain axis maintains energy balance can help us understand what goes wrong when appetite is not well regulated.
For decades, fruit flies have been used to study the formation and function of the nervous system, but research on the enteric nervous system has received little attention.
In this study, the research team examined the diversity of intestinal neurons in Drosophila melanogaster and determined that a type of intestinal neurons play a key role in specific sexual and reproductive state activities, and this type of intestinal neurons The regulatory activity only occurs in mated female fruit flies.
Researchers have discovered that mated fruit flies release steroid hormones and enteroendocrine hormones.
These two hormones functionally remodel these enteric neurons, causing the neurons to release neuropeptides, a type of myostatin called myostatin.
Small protein.
Myostatin acts on the "crop" of fruit flies to relax and expand, thereby increasing food intake.
Neuropeptides secreted by neurons in the intestine promote the expansion of the "crops" of fruit flies.
In response, the research team has also developed a hydrodynamic model to evaluate how the expansion of the crop leads to an increase in the food intake of fruit flies.
They found that fruit flies absorb food through the negative pressure generated by the crop, and after mating female fruit flies expand the crop, the negative pressure increases, and these fruit flies can eat more food faster and more.
The reproductive regulation of intestinal neurons is worth mentioning that this latest study is based on another previous study by the group: in a study published in 2015, the team described a How insect hormones, known as "juvenile hormones", are released during pregnancy and promote maternal intestines to enlarge to meet additional metabolic demands.
This also means that without increasing food intake, fruit flies can absorb more nutrients from food to support the growth of healthy offspring.
Irene Miguel-Aliaga, the corresponding author of the article and the main leader of this study, said: “Five years ago, we only discovered the tip of the iceberg.
Necessary.
Now, we have a deeper understanding that the nerve cells that control the intestines also "know" that female fruit flies are reproducing and motivate them to eat more.
"After female fruit flies mate, the intestinal neuron-mediated "crop" enlargement increases food intake.
In addition, this discovery also provides a mechanism that can explain the maintenance of pregnancy energy balance, and energy balance disorders are often possible.
Lead to infertility or weight gain! Of course, this mechanism is still preliminary, and there are still many questions that need to be solved, such as: whether the two processes of intestinal growth and neuronal remodeling are coordinated? How to coordinate? And each Is the order of action of the hormones important? It is now certain that if any of these processes are blocked, the reproductive ability of fruit flies will decrease.
The first author of the article Dafni Hadjieconomou said that although it is not yet perfect, this understanding may change Lead to treatments targeting these neurons that signal to the intestines, which can help us cope with a variety of different situations, such as the excess food we see in obese people in today’s society, or help explain why so many women Weight gains during pregnancy, but it is difficult to lose weight.
Link to the paper:
It has to be said that in many species, females invest more in the reproduction process.
Therefore, reproduction also encourages females to consume more food to maintain their energy balance.
In this regard, the "gut-brain axis" constitutes the two-way communication between the intestine and the brain.
More and more research evidence shows that the brain can affect the health and function of the intestine, and vice versa.
Now, scientists are revealing how the communication between the intestine and the brain maintains energy balance and regulates appetite.
In October 2020, the British Medical Research Council (MRC) and the Imperial College London School of Medicine and other research institutions jointly published a research paper entitled: Enteric neurons increase maternal food intake during reproduction on Nature.
This study found that the reason why fruit flies increase their food intake during reproduction is due to changes in the activity of neurons that "talk" to the intestine.
This finding helps explain how females increase their food intake to support their offspring after pregnancy, but when food intake is disrupted, it can also lead to infertility or weight gain.
Exploring how the gut-brain axis maintains energy balance can help us understand what goes wrong when appetite is not well regulated.
For decades, fruit flies have been used to study the formation and function of the nervous system, but research on the enteric nervous system has received little attention.
In this study, the research team examined the diversity of intestinal neurons in Drosophila melanogaster and determined that a type of intestinal neurons play a key role in specific sexual and reproductive state activities, and this type of intestinal neurons The regulatory activity only occurs in mated female fruit flies.
Researchers have discovered that mated fruit flies release steroid hormones and enteroendocrine hormones.
These two hormones functionally remodel these enteric neurons, causing the neurons to release neuropeptides, a type of myostatin called myostatin.
Small protein.
Myostatin acts on the "crop" of fruit flies to relax and expand, thereby increasing food intake.
Neuropeptides secreted by neurons in the intestine promote the expansion of the "crops" of fruit flies.
In response, the research team has also developed a hydrodynamic model to evaluate how the expansion of the crop leads to an increase in the food intake of fruit flies.
They found that fruit flies absorb food through the negative pressure generated by the crop, and after mating female fruit flies expand the crop, the negative pressure increases, and these fruit flies can eat more food faster and more.
The reproductive regulation of intestinal neurons is worth mentioning that this latest study is based on another previous study by the group: in a study published in 2015, the team described a How insect hormones, known as "juvenile hormones", are released during pregnancy and promote maternal intestines to enlarge to meet additional metabolic demands.
This also means that without increasing food intake, fruit flies can absorb more nutrients from food to support the growth of healthy offspring.
Irene Miguel-Aliaga, the corresponding author of the article and the main leader of this study, said: “Five years ago, we only discovered the tip of the iceberg.
Necessary.
Now, we have a deeper understanding that the nerve cells that control the intestines also "know" that female fruit flies are reproducing and motivate them to eat more.
"After female fruit flies mate, the intestinal neuron-mediated "crop" enlargement increases food intake.
In addition, this discovery also provides a mechanism that can explain the maintenance of pregnancy energy balance, and energy balance disorders are often possible.
Lead to infertility or weight gain! Of course, this mechanism is still preliminary, and there are still many questions that need to be solved, such as: whether the two processes of intestinal growth and neuronal remodeling are coordinated? How to coordinate? And each Is the order of action of the hormones important? It is now certain that if any of these processes are blocked, the reproductive ability of fruit flies will decrease.
The first author of the article Dafni Hadjieconomou said that although it is not yet perfect, this understanding may change Lead to treatments targeting these neurons that signal to the intestines, which can help us cope with a variety of different situations, such as the excess food we see in obese people in today’s society, or help explain why so many women Weight gains during pregnancy, but it is difficult to lose weight.
Link to the paper:
