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In the 1940s, psychologist Edward Tolman proposed that there is a "cognitive map" in the mammalian brain that represents spatial environmental information, and this map can be used to plan trips
.
In the 1970s, two neuroscientists John O'Keefe and Lynn Nadel supplemented the cognitive map, proposing that the hippocampus is a key component and location cells encode location information in the environment
.
Accurate to reach the expected target position requires continuous evaluation of the spatial position relationship between the current position and the future destination throughout the journey
.
This kind of goal-oriented spatial navigation not only requires the memory of the target location, but also the correct guidance of the overall route without yaw in order to determine an effective and safe path
.
The hippocampus location cells can provide information about the current location and encode "where" information, but they cannot provide future trajectory information (where they are going)
.
In the target navigation itinerary, the brain-encoded motion trajectory information has two meanings, retrospective and forward-looking.
The former reflects where it comes from, and the latter reflects its whereabouts
.
The choice of the future trajectory not only depends on the spatial location information of the hippocampus, but also depends on the cortex, the brain area involved in the evaluation and selection, to jointly decide where to go next
.
On October 27, 2021, the Hiroshi T.
Ito research team of Max Planck Institute in Germany discovered that there is a type of neuron that accurately encodes the target location information in the rat’s orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) during navigation-which can always lead to the final destination.
Orientation does not depend on sensory cues
.
This shows that OFC, as the main component of the brain "navigation system", can accurately navigate to destinations beyond the range of sensory perception
.
Navigation task training Researchers trained rats to perform navigation tasks in a maze device with 10 drinking holes at equal distances and 2 meters in length
.
In the first stage, 100 μl of liquid reward (0.
3% saccharin solution) alternately appeared in two specific holes, and the rats were trained to touch the drinking holes
.
Most mice learned to lick the drinking hole within 2 days of training
.
In the second stage, rewards are given only after the mouse has licked the correct drinking hole
.
In the third stage, only after the rats licked the drinking hole six times in a row, the LED indicator lights up and the sugar water reward is given
.
The LED indicator turns off immediately after the rat consumes the sugar solution
.
Researchers used 64-channel electrodes to record the firing state of neurons in the OFC brain area during navigation tasks, which can be divided into target drinking hole selective neurons (Well selectivity) and spatial selectivity neurons (Spatial selectivity)
.
Among them, the target drinking hole selective neuron discharges rapidly when the rat OFC brain area is close to the drinking hole, and the spatial position can be distinguished by changing the discharge frequency
.
On the other hand, spatially selective neuron neurons do not exhibit location-specific firing activities, but are related to navigation.
What they achieve is a selective firing activity associated with spatial locations.
This selectivity is based on the process of travel.
Determined by the demand
.
So will the interference of the neurons in the OFC brain area cause the failure of the navigation task? After the researchers activated the neurons in the OFC brain area with light, the rats found that the number of errors in reaching their destinations increased, and the precise navigation function was impaired
.
This article has discovered the key role of OFC brain area in the navigation process of "destination-oriented", and revealed another way of target navigation: During the entire navigation process, regardless of stopping at multiple locations, the brain OFC brain area neuron group acts as a " Directional neurons" can always point to the final destination
.
The previous hippocampus cells and grid cells can know where they are.
OFC neurons in the brain area act like "directional neurons", guiding them toward the destination
.
[References] Navigation with a cognitive maphttps://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41586-021-04042-9 The pictures in the text are from the references
In the 1940s, psychologist Edward Tolman proposed that there is a "cognitive map" in the mammalian brain that represents spatial environmental information, and this map can be used to plan trips
.
In the 1970s, two neuroscientists John O'Keefe and Lynn Nadel supplemented the cognitive map, proposing that the hippocampus is a key component and location cells encode location information in the environment
.
Accurate to reach the expected target position requires continuous evaluation of the spatial position relationship between the current position and the future destination throughout the journey
.
This kind of goal-oriented spatial navigation not only requires the memory of the target location, but also the correct guidance of the overall route without yaw in order to determine an effective and safe path
.
The hippocampus location cells can provide information about the current location and encode "where" information, but they cannot provide future trajectory information (where they are going)
.
In the target navigation itinerary, the brain-encoded motion trajectory information has two meanings, retrospective and forward-looking.
The former reflects where it comes from, and the latter reflects its whereabouts
.
The choice of the future trajectory not only depends on the spatial location information of the hippocampus, but also depends on the cortex, the brain area involved in the evaluation and selection, to jointly decide where to go next
.
On October 27, 2021, the Hiroshi T.
Ito research team of Max Planck Institute in Germany discovered that there is a type of neuron that accurately encodes the target location information in the rat’s orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) during navigation-which can always lead to the final destination.
Orientation does not depend on sensory cues
.
This shows that OFC, as the main component of the brain "navigation system", can accurately navigate to destinations beyond the range of sensory perception
.
Navigation task training Researchers trained rats to perform navigation tasks in a maze device with 10 drinking holes at equal distances and 2 meters in length
.
In the first stage, 100 μl of liquid reward (0.
3% saccharin solution) alternately appeared in two specific holes, and the rats were trained to touch the drinking holes
.
Most mice learned to lick the drinking hole within 2 days of training
.
In the second stage, rewards are given only after the mouse has licked the correct drinking hole
.
In the third stage, only after the rats licked the drinking hole six times in a row, the LED indicator lights up and the sugar water reward is given
.
The LED indicator turns off immediately after the rat consumes the sugar solution
.
Researchers used 64-channel electrodes to record the firing state of neurons in the OFC brain area during navigation tasks, which can be divided into target drinking hole selective neurons (Well selectivity) and spatial selectivity neurons (Spatial selectivity)
.
Among them, the target drinking hole selective neuron discharges rapidly when the rat OFC brain area is close to the drinking hole, and the spatial position can be distinguished by changing the discharge frequency
.
On the other hand, spatially selective neuron neurons do not exhibit location-specific firing activities, but are related to navigation.
What they achieve is a selective firing activity associated with spatial locations.
This selectivity is based on the process of travel.
Determined by the demand
.
So will the interference of the neurons in the OFC brain area cause the failure of the navigation task? After the researchers activated the neurons in the OFC brain area with light, the rats found that the number of errors in reaching their destinations increased, and the precise navigation function was impaired
.
This article has discovered the key role of OFC brain area in the navigation process of "destination-oriented", and revealed another way of target navigation: During the entire navigation process, regardless of stopping at multiple locations, the brain OFC brain area neuron group acts as a " Directional neurons" can always point to the final destination
.
The previous hippocampus cells and grid cells can know where they are.
OFC neurons in the brain area act like "directional neurons", guiding them toward the destination
.
[References] Navigation with a cognitive maphttps://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41586-021-04042-9 The pictures in the text are from the references
