Nature Fist Overview (IF-33) . Hu Haixuan Team System of Zhejiang University Introduces Emerging Brain Fields: Research Progress of The Outer Karsin (Worth Collecting)

In the past decade, interest in the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB) has increased exponentially in the past decade due to new findings concerning its key role in regulating negative motivational behavior and its effect on severe depression.the lateral habenular nucleus, sometimes referred to as the "counter reward center" of the brain, receives inputs from different limbic forebrain and basal ganglia structures, and is essentially targeted at all midbrain neural regulatory systems, including norepinephrine, serotonin and dopaminergic systems.its unique anatomical location enables the lateral habenular nucleus to act as a hub, integrating information based on value, sense and experience to regulate various motivational, cognitive and motor processes.dysfunction of the lateral habenular nucleus may lead to several mental disorders, especially severe depression.recently, in animal models of drug withdrawal and severe depression, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of lateral habenular nucleus have become the basis of negative emotional state, and exciting progress has been made in this respect.the challenge in the future is to translate these advances into effective clinical treatments.on April 8, 2020, Hu Hailan team of Zhejiang University published an online publication entitled "circuits and functions of the lateral habenula in health and in" in Nature Reviews Neuroscience (if = 33) This review focuses on three aspects: first, the review provides the latest information on the basic tissues of the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB), including regional molecular markers, electrophysiological characteristics, anatomical subdivision and loop connection.in particular, the study highlights the specific functions of the upstream input and downstream output pathways of the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB); secondly, the review describes the various physiological functions involved in the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB), highlighting the importance of the habenular nucleus (LHB) in the coding of negative reward signals and the control of motivational behaviors; thirdly, this review focuses on the function of LHB in encoding negative reward signals and controlling motivational behaviors The correlation of lateral habenular nucleus (LHB) in major mental disorders was reviewed.this review focuses on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to abnormal hyperactivity of lateral habenular (LHB) neurons in animal models of depression.habenular nucleus is an ancient brain structure, which is conservative in almost all vertebrate species. Br / > in mammals, it is composed of a pair of medial habenular nuclei (MHB) and the medial habenular nucleus (MHB).in fish and amphibians, the corresponding parts of mammalian MHB and LHB are dorsal habenular nucleus (DHB) and ventral habenular nucleus (VHb). Br / >, especially in the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB), as reflected by the rapid growth of research in the past decade. The increasing interest in the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB) can be attributed to three main reasons.first, through direct or indirect innervation, the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB) is one of the few brain regions that control both dopaminergic and serotonin systems.as these neural regulatory systems play an important role in a wide range of motivational, motor and cognitive functions, the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB), as a powerful negative regulator of these two systems, may strategically be positioned to regulate these functions; secondly, the pioneering research of hikosaka and his colleagues has shown that the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB) encodes negative returns, especially negative return prediction errors Aspect plays a key role.these findings provide a conceptual framework for the study of the function of the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB) and have been confirmed by a series of pathological and optogenetic studies. Third, evidence from human studies and animal models has increased significantly to support the Association of the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB) with a variety of mental disorders, especially major depression.whole brain screening studies in rodents or zebrafish have confirmed that the lateral habenular nucleus is the only brain region that shows sustained increased activity in a variety of animal models of depression.in humans, although the habenular nucleus is small, recent technological advances have allowed functional imaging of this structure to reveal its hyperactive brain regions in patients with major depression.in addition, two clinical trials of inactivation of the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB) by deep brain stimulation reported complete remission of severe depression, indicating a potential causal relationship between dysfunction of the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB) and at least some depressive symptoms.most exciting is that studies on animal models of depression have begun to reveal key molecular and cellular mechanisms in the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB), which reveal the causes of the disease.it has recently been shown that ketamine, one of the most promising antidepressants, can play a role by inhibiting the burst activity of neurons in the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB).these findings may stimulate the development of a new generation of antidepressants.this review focuses on three aspects: first, the review provides the latest information on the basic tissues of the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB), including regional molecular markers, electrophysiological characteristics, anatomical subdivision and loop connection.in particular, the study highlights the specific functions of the upstream input and downstream output pathways of the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB); secondly, the review describes the various physiological functions involved in the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB), highlighting the importance of the habenular nucleus (LHB) in the coding of negative reward signals and the control of motivational behaviors; thirdly, this review focuses on the function of LHB in encoding negative reward signals and controlling motivational behaviors The correlation of lateral habenular nucleus (LHB) in major mental disorders was reviewed.this review focuses on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to abnormal hyperactivity of lateral habenular (LHB) neurons in animal models of depression.reference message: