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Joint strategies have led to a massive increase
in genetic recombination.
Compared to normal cells (left), the crossover portion marked with a green dot on the purple chromosome is massively increased when the HEI10 and ZYP1 (right cell) mutations are overexpressed
.
In most higher organisms, including humans, each cell carries two versions of each gene, which are called alleles
.
Each parent passes an allele to each offspring
.
Since they are linked together on chromosomes, adjacent genes are usually inherited
together.
However, this is not always the case
.
Why?
The answer is recombination, which is the process of shuffling the contents of
alleles between homologous chromosomes during cell division.
Mechanically, recombination is achieved through crossing, where homologous chromosomes come into contact with each other, leading to the exchange
of genetic material.
Hybridization has long attracted scientists, especially plant breeders, because manipulating the hybridization process offers the potential to increase genetic diversity and assemble the combination of alleles needed to
increase crop yields.
Successful sexual reproduction requires at least one pair of chromosomes; In fact, the lack of cross-genes is the main cause of
human trisomy such as Down syndrome.
Cross-border figures are also strictly regulated, generally no more than three
.
This limitation of the number of transboundary borders, and the resulting reorganization, is achieved through transboundary interference, a phenomenon by which transboundary inhibits other transgressions
in its vicinity.
However, since this disturbance was first described about 120 years ago, how it works has remained a mystery
.
Now, a team led by Raphael Mercier at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding in Cologne, Germany, has found convincing evidence to support the recently proposed cross-interference model
。 Mercier and his team, along with work led by Stéphanie Durand, qiichao Lian and Juli Jing, achieved these insights
by manipulating proteins known to be involved in promoting hybridization or linking chromosome expression in model plants 。 Promoting the expression of the pre-crossover protein HEI10 leads to a significant increase in crossover, as does the expression of the disrupting protein ZYP1, a component of the synaptic complex, a protein structure
formed between homologous chromosomes.
When the scientists combined the two interventions, they were surprised to observe a large increase in crossover, suggesting that HE10 dosing and ZYP1 work together to control CO patterns
.
Importantly, massively increasing crossovers in this way has little to no effect on cell division
.
As HEI10 levels increased, a significant increase in crossovers was consistent
with the new model of how the number of crossovers was regulated.
Developed by David Zwicker and his team at the Max Planck Institute for Dynamic and Self-Organization in Germany, the model is based on the diffusion of the HE10 protein along the synaptic complex and a coarsening process that leads to well-spaced HE10 foci that promotes crossover
.
In the model, HEI10 initially forms multiple small focal points and gradually integrates into a small number of large focal points
co-localized with the intersection site.
In this simple model, increasing the level of HEI10 will result in more focus and therefore more crossover; Therefore, the formation of droplets along the axis seems to be the determining factor
at the crossover position.
Mercier is excited about the team's findings, but is already looking to the future: "These results provide exciting insight into a process
that has puzzled scientists for more than 100 years.
" Next, we wanted to better understand what controls the dynamics of HEI10 droplets and how they facilitate crossover
.
If we can better handle how this process works, this could allow us to selectively promote recombination during plant breeding, allowing us to assemble beneficial allele combinations
that have been unattainable.
”
