July 17, 2020 Science Journal.

!--webeditor: "page title"--/--- this week has a new journal of Science (July 17, 2020) released. Let the little ones come together.images from the Journal of Science.1.Science: Significant progress! It is revealed that tumor initiation cells promote tumor progression through the il-33/TGF-beta niche signal cycle: 10.1126/science.aay1813 a small number of tumor cells with long-term tumor-causing capacity, the tumor initiating cell, TIC, which plays a key role in the development and therapeutic resistance of the cancer.however, the development of effective TIC targeted therapy is limited due to the lack of identification of TIC vulnerability.just as normal stem cells are regulated by external cues from a specific microenvironment (i.e. stem cell niche), TIC's stem cell-like state and its offspring's malignant phenotype are controlled by various factors from tic-related tumor microenvironments (so-called TIC niches).therefore, a mechanism to understand the interaction between TIC and TIC niches can accelerate the development of persistent cancer treatment drugs.mouse model squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), researchers at Oregon Health and Science University in the United States have previously found that conversion growth factor beta (TGF-beta) induces the emergence of a portion of drug-resistant TICs, resulting in leaching, differentiated offspring.they observed that these TGF-beta reactive tumor cells were spatially associated with local TGF-beta expression in adjacent substrates.therefore, the mechanism that causes the "TGF-beta-rich" tumor microenvironment may be the basis for tic-TIC niche interactions and could be used as a new target for destabilizing TIC.Given that normal stem cells coordinate their niches by sending short-range signals, the researchers hypothesized that TIC might send specific signal molecules to neighboring substrates to induce TIC-supported niches. In a new study,, by focusing on cytokine milieu and immune cells near TGF-beta reactive TIC, the researchers determined how TIC sepulks produce a spatially unique niche microenvironment, which is necessary for SCC's leaching progression and resistance.related findings were published on July 17, 2020 in the journal Science, with the title "Tumor-based-starting cells cells an IL-33-TGF-beta-niche signaling loop to promote cancer cancerion".looking for potential side-secreting regulators in the nearby tumor microenvironment, they found that leukocyte interleukin-33 (IL-33) was the highest rise in TGF-beta reactive TICs.Given that IL-33 is normally stored in the nucleus of cells, they found that it is released into extracellular space in nRF2-mediated antioxidant reactions, which is a sign of TGF-beta reactive TIC.this IC-33 from TIC is necessary for SCC's leaching progression and resistance.mechanism, IL-33 induces a partial accumulation of tumor-related macrophages of the IL-33 receptor ST2 and the high affinity IgE receptor (Fc-RI alpha) at a place close to TIC (i.e. within a radius of 50 m).these previously unappreciated Fc-RI alpha-macrophages differentiate and alternating from bone marrow-derived cells, creating a niche microenvironment rich in TGF-beta through the IL-33-ST2-NF-B pathway, thus inducing the Secretion of TGF-beta signals to TIC, and further increasing the expression of IL-33. blocking this pathway or removing Fc-RI alpha-macrophages can reduce the number of TGF-beta reactive TICs, reduce the rate of progression of invasive tumors and chemotherapy resistance. treatment of resistant TIC is considered to be the main culprit of cancer treatment failure. by studying mouse models, the researchers revealed the cellular and molecular basis of TIC niches, in which TIC niches promote malignant progression and drug resistance in SCC. they found an IL-33-TGF-beta niche signal cycle between TIC and FC-RI alpha-macrophage, which provides new insights into the mechanism sepulsied interaction of self-reinforcing TIC-TIC niches. this interaction may be a potential target for destabilizing TIC to improve cancer treatment. 2.Science: The genomic sourcing of coralbleaching doi: 10.1126/science.aba4674; doi: 10.1126/science.abc9342 The world's coral reefs are being lost at an alarming rate due to human-induced climate change. rising sea temperatures, even slightly above the long-term maximum, can trigger a symbiotic relationship between bleaching --- coral hosts and photosynthesis dinoflagellate in their cells. because these symbiotic species (referring to photosynthesis double whips) provide most of the energy needed by coral hosts, prolonged bleaching can eventually lead to the death of coral populations. in the face of rapidly rising temperatures, new conservation strategies are urgently needed to prevent large-scale loss of coral cover in the future, thanks to an understanding of the genetic basis of bleaching. coral bleaching reactions are different among different types of corals; in the Acropora millepora, a reef-building coral horn, which is widely distributed in the Indian Ocean-Pacific region, these differences have been shown to be at least in part inheritable. therefore, in principle, the alitration differences between individuals should be predicted from genomic data. In a new study , researchers from Columbia University, Princeton University, the University of Texas at Austin, the University of California, Irvine, Gencove, the Australian Institute of Marine Science and James Cook demonstrated the feasibility of using genomics-based methods to predict individual bleaching and provide new strategies for coral conservation. the results of the study, published in the July 17, 2020 issue of The Journal of Science, are entitled "Population genetics of the coral Acropora millepora: Towards genomic of the prediction bleaching". !--/ewebeditor:!--webeditor: "page title" - the researchers first assembled the genomes of 237 samples collected at the peak of 2017 on 12 coral reefs in central Australia's Great Barrier Reef and obtained their genome-wide sequences. they found that they could reliably deduce genotypes in low-coverage sequencing data using a modestly scaled reference haplotype panel, providing a cost-effective way for future large-scale genome-wide sequencing. 3.Science: Early incomplete B-cell tolerance in human fetuses facilitates the accumulation of multi-reactive B cells: 10.1126/science.aay9733 extensive immunoglobulin gene rearrangement allows humans to identify a variety of potential pathogens. this antibody bank (antibody repertoire, also translated as antibody spectrum) is subject to additional restrictions during early life to prevent the production of autologous reactive B cells, after all, tolerance does not seem to be complete. , neonatal serum is rich in autoantibodies, which also suggests that B-cell tolerance during pregnancy has not yet been fully established. B cells are the main pillars of our adaptive immune system. they develop in the bone marrow and then circulate in the blood. B cells are responsible for producing antibodies against invasive pathogens (so-called antigens). each B cell is highly specific to an antigen. antibodies are larger protein molecules called immunoglobulins that are secreted into the bloodstream. they are also produced in the form of membrane binding and are present on the surface of B cells and are therefore called B-cell receptors (BCR). in a new study , researchers at Yale University and Rochester University in the United States assessed the responsiveness of more than 450 antibodies cloned from B cells in the liver, bone marrow and spleen of human fetuses. the results of the study, published in the July 17, 2020 issue of The Journal of Science, are entitled "Autoreactivity in na?ve human fetal B cells is es sed with commensal bacteria recognition". they found that incomplete B-cell tolerance in early human fetuses facilitates the accumulation of multi-reactive B cells, which can bind to apoptosis and symbiotic bacteria from healthy adults without any somatic cell hypermutations. these reactive B cells are produced before they come into contact with bacteria, which may promote later beneficial symbiotic-host interactions and/or enhance the host's defenses in the first week of life. , thelimited pre-immune antibody pool of fetal immunoassays therefore contains potentially beneficial autoactive congenital B-cell specificity, which may help to remove apoptosis cells during development and promote the formation of the gut microbiome after birth. 4.Science: Brain Imaging Reveals the Mysteries of Aging: 10.1126/science.aba3163; doi:10.1126/science.abc9555, in which scientists took the first color picture of the brains of mice of different ages, an important step in understanding individual behavior. study, published in the journal Science, is crucial to uncovering the mechanisms of learning disability and dementia, and how memory is affected by age. synapses are important connections to transmit electrical and chemical information between brain cells. synaptic damage has been linked to more than 130 brain diseases. In the study, researchers at the University of Edinburgh color-coded different types of molecules to highlight the range of synapses in the brains of mice of different ages from birth to old age. they found that the number of synapses and molecular composition varied with age in different parts of the brain. this occurs at three main stages, namely, children, middle-aged and old age. 5.Science: Uncovering how metastatic cancer sways continue to progress in an unfavourable cobweb subcavity environment? doi: 10.1126/science.aaz2193; doi:10.1126/science.abb7041 Recently, scientists from institutions such as Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center have revealed how metastatic cancer can have a subsometry under the adverse cobwebs (subarachrach) in a study published in the international journal Science. In the article, researchers describe how RNA sequencing was used to study patients with the metormembrane metastases, a type of cancer involving the spinal and meninges. study, the researchers focused on a particular type of cancer in the central nervous system called the roulith membrane metastasis (LS), which they wanted to explain why a particular type of cancer not only appears in the subcavity of the cobweb, which is separated from the central nervous system, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid, in this hostile environment. researchers first collected samples of cerebrospinal fluid from the bodies of five patients with gentle meninges metastasis and then sequenced them on single-cellRNA, and found that cancer cells may have a high affinity iron collection system that helps cancer cells use iron ions found in cerebrospinal fluid, which the researchers say is found in the cerebrospinal fluid. There are almost no iron ions, which make it a valuable "commodity" that is important for DNA synthesis and cell metabolism, and using this iron ion collection system can help cancer cells perform better than macrophages, thus allowing them to gain the upper hand, and ultimately this iron ion capture not only promotes cancer cell survival, but also helps the cancer progress. later researchers will continue to delve into the development of new targeted therapies based on the findings of this paper to treat metastatic cancers. 6.Science: The first confirmed CASES OF COVID-19 in New York City were revealed mainly from other parts of Europe and the United States, rather than china !--/ewebeditor: !--webeditor: page:page title"--doi: 10.1126/science.abc1917 In a new study, researchers at the Mount Ikan School of Medicine in the United States conducted the first epidemiological study of SARS-CoV-2 molecules in New York City. research published online May 29, 2020 in the journal Science, under the title "Introduction s and early spread of SARS-C."