January 17, 2020 Science journal essence

January 20, 2020 / BIOON / - -- a new issue of Science Journal (January 17, 2020) is published this week What are the highlights of its research? Let Xiaobian come together The picture is from science journal 1 Science: blocking vista is expected to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy doi: 10.1126/science.aay0524; Doi: 10.1126/science.aay0524 in a new study, researchers from gaizel School of medicine in Dartmouth and the University of Minnesota and other research institutions in the United States studied an important target of regulating immune response in cancer and autoimmune diseases: Vista (V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation) As a regulatory molecule, Vista can prevent T cells in the immune system from being activated by autoantigens, such as those in cancer cells This new study describes how Vista controls T cell responses The relevant research results were published in the Science Journal on January 17, 2020 The title of the paper is "vista is a checkpoint regulator for Na य़ ve T cell quiescence and peripheral tolerance" The corresponding authors of the paper are Randolph Noelle, Ph.D., and Chao Cheng, Ph.D., of the gaizel School of medicine, Dartmouth Although strong immune responses are needed to help protect the host from infection, the immune system must also suppress the intensity of these responses to limit the damage it may cause In the past eight to 10 years, Dr Noelle and his team have identified some molecules that the immune system uses to regulate the immune response Although these molecules usually play a beneficial role, they also limit the intensity of anti-tumor immune response Noelle's team learned that turning off the molecular "brakes" that inhibit immune responses can treat cancer Vista is one of these molecular brakes that negatively regulate the immune response "We already know that keeping the immune system at rest is a challenging process," Noelle said Vista mediates the function of the immune system, and its absence can lead to harmful immune response But Vista may also be an important target for regulating immune response in cancer and autoimmune diseases " Vista can keep the T cell compartment of the immune system still and prevent the immune system from activating autoantigens, such as those in cancer cells "Blocking vista in cancer, like other negative immune checkpoint regulators, may enhance the host's ability to produce tumor specific protective immune responses," Noelle said 2 Science: new microscopy reveals the three-dimensional ultrastructure of cells doi: 10.1126/science.aaz5357 our understanding of the relationship between nanostructures in cells and thousands of proteins that drive cell metabolism mainly comes from the comprehensive study of Biochemistry, molecular biology and electron microscopy, so the details of this relationship are speculative Correlation super-resolution fluorescence and electron microscopy is expected to clarify these details by directly visualizing the relationship of specific proteins at the nanoscale in the context of global cell ultrastructure To date, however, this correlation imaging has involved compromises in ultrastructural preservation, imaging sensitivity, resolution, and / or field of vision In a new study, researchers from a number of research institutions in the United States developed a pipeline: (I) to preserve fluorescent labeled mammalian cells cultured in vitro in glass ice; (II) through multi-color three-dimensional structured illumination, 3D SIM) and single molecule localization microscope (smlm) were used to image the whole cell at a resolution of less than 10k; (III) 3D focused ion beam scanning electron microscope was used to analyze the cell, FIB-SEM) image the same cells at 4 or 8 nanometer isotropic resolution; and (IV) record all image volumes to nanometer accuracy This pipeline ensures accurate ultrastructural preservation, allows independent optimization of super-resolution and electron microscopy imaging methods, and provides a comprehensive view of how specific subcellular components change with cell volume The relevant research results were published in the Science Journal on January 17, 2020 The title of the paper is "relevant three dimensional super resolution and block face electronic microcopy of whole lively from cells" Almost every system we studied showed unexpected results: as a marker of endoplasmic reticulum, the nuclear vesicles were positive; the morphology of peroxisome became more and more irregular with the increase of size; the endolysosomal cells had various and complex shapes; there was a network of adhesion network between small brain granule neurons; heterochromatin and euchromatin could pass through electron Typical domains observed under microscope can be distinguished by the presence or absence of transcriptional activity markers Two color low temperature smlm (cryo smlm) makes the accuracy of whole cell image registration up to about 40 nm Cryo SIM, even with low resolution, can distinguish vesicles with similar morphology and help to segment complex three-dimensional structures with FIB-SEM resolution in a crowded cell environment 3 Science: To explore the meteor impact and volcanic activity at the end of Cretaceous doi: 10.1126/science.aay5055 in the time of the great extinction of dinosaurs at the end of Cretaceous, there were not only the impact of fireball, but also a lot of volcanic activities Hull et al Conducted several temperature simulations based on different volcanic gas release scenarios, and compared the simulation results with the temperature records of the entire extinction event The best simulation model is consistent with the large amount of volcanic gas release data needed before the impact of the meteor When used in conjunction with other evidence, these models support the extinction driven by meteor impact However, after the mass extinction, volcanic gases may play a role in influencing the rise of different species 4 Science: To explore the diversity of ancient marine invertebrates doi: 10.1126/science.aax4953; doi: 10.1126/science.aba4348 we have urgent human reasons to explore the impact of environmental changes on biodiversity Looking back not only helps us understand the relationship, but also helps us understand the current changes However, paleontological records depend on the availability of fossils and prediction models, so this often provides us with a multi million year time jump map Such a scale makes it difficult to really understand the role of environmental forces in ecological processes With the help of supercomputers, researchers from China's scientists, Nanjing University and China University of Geosciences have used machine learning to analyze a large marine Paleozoic data set, thus constructing a record with a time interval of only about 26000 years This fine resolution reveals important details of new events and previously described patterns 5 Science: scientists in China have found that the Cretaceous basic mammal, DOI: 10.1126/science.aay9220; doi: 10.1126/science.aba3808, has a keen hearing due to its complex inner ear In our vertebrate ancestors, as in living reptiles, the three bones that make up the inner ear are part of the lower jaw Given the small and delicate nature of these bones, understanding their functional transformation is challenging Mao et al Described new genera and species of Cretaceous basic mammal represented by six well preserved samples, which looked like they were caught sleeping together Unprecedented sample preservation reveals a clear transition between two very different functions of these bones 6 Science: explore the shape change of bird wings doi: 10.1126/science.aaz3358 birds can dynamically change the shape of their wings during flight, but there is little understanding on how to achieve this Matloff et al Found that there are two mechanisms that control the movement of a single feather When the bone moves, the feather will be passively redistributed by the compliance of elastic connective tissue at the root of feather In order to prevent the feather from spreading too far, the hook like microstructure (i.e hook) on the adjacent feather forms a directional fastener for locking the adjacent feather These features are found in birds of all sizes However, given the loud noise of the disengagement of these hooks, they do not have hooks in silent flying objects such as barn owls 7 Science: lipid gated monovalent ion flux regulates endocytosis and supports immune monitoring doi: 10.1126/science.aaw9544; doi: 10.1126/science.aba3623 animal cells continuously sample the surrounding media, which is a prominent feature of immune cells Sampling is accomplished by capturing the external medium into a membrane enclosed vesicle or vacuole The structures surrounded by these membranes are rapidly decomposed, thus avoiding the accumulation and volume expansion of the inner membrane In a variety of cells cultured in vitro, Freeman et al Found that this decomposition requires the transformation of spherical vacuoles into tubules, which involves a significant change in the surface volume ratio The contraction of the membrane structure is driven by ion flux and subsequent water permeation Contractile vacuoles attract curvature sensitive proteins, which promote the elongation of tubules The ion channel thus controls the remodeling of the membrane, thus realizing the recycling of the receptor and the correct transportation of cell goods (BIOON Com)