International Lung Cancer Day, November 17, 2019

November 18, 2019 / BIOON / - -- every November is "international lung cancer concern month", and November 17 is "International Lung Cancer Day" "International lung cancer concern month" is a global initiative launched by the World Lung Cancer Alliance in 2001, which aims to call on governments around the world to pay attention to lung cancer prevention The World Health Organization points out that more than 40% of cancers can be prevented, and the risk factors related to cancer mainly include chronic infection, unreasonable diet, negative emotions and bad living habits In February 2018, the National Cancer Center released the latest national cancer statistics, which showed that lung cancer ranked the top in the country, and the incidence rate was about 781 thousand each year The incidence and mortality rate of male lung cancer ranked first in China, which may be related to the higher smoking rate of men in China The incidence rate of lung cancer is the second in China, and the death rate ranks first It may be related to female second-hand smoke exposure, indoor smoke, fuel pollution and outdoor air pollution Early diagnosis of lung cancer is very important If early detection, diagnosis and treatment can be achieved, the focus can be killed in the embryonic stage In recent years, scientists have made continuous progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer Based on this, this paper reviews the latest research progress of lung cancer for readers 1 Science subjournal: DHODH inhibition is expected to treat small cell lung cancer doi: 10.1126/scitlanslmed.aaw7852 small cell lung cancer is a highly invasive lung cancer with limited treatment options In a new study, researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology identified a new therapeutic target for this type of lung cancer The relevant research results were published in the Journal of Science Translational Medicine on November 6, 2019, with the title of "identification of DHODH as a thermal target in small cell lung cancer" Picture from Science Translational Medicine, 2019, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw7852 This new study shows that small cell lung cancer cells are particularly dependent on the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, and an enzyme inhibitor called brequinar is effective against this disease in cell lines and mouse models These researchers found that small cell lung cancer is particularly sensitive to the deletion of the gene encoding dihydrolactate dehydrogenase (DHODH), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of ab initio pyrimidine Once the metabolic pathways associated with this sensitivity were identified, they sought the collaboration of Matthew Vander Heiden, associate professor of biology at MIT and a member of the Koch Institute for comprehensive cancer research Vander Heiden lab researchers are experts in the metabolism of normal cells and cancer cells They have been studying the role of pyrimidine metabolism and DHODH inhibitors in other cancers Unlike healthy cells, cancer cells are constantly dividing and need to synthesize new DNA and RNA to support the production of new cells The researchers found that small cell lung cancer cells have an unexpected weakness: although they rely on the availability of pyrimidine, the pyrimidine synthesis pathway is far less active in small cell lung cancer cells than other types of cancer cells tested in this study By inhibiting DHODH, they found that small cell lung cancer cells could not produce enough pyrimidine to meet the demand When the researchers used buquina, a DHODH inhibitor, to treat genetically engineered mice models of small cell lung cancer tumors, tumor progression slowed and the mice survived longer than untreated mice They also observed similar results in small cell lung cancer tumors that metastasized to the liver, a common cancer site in patients In addition to mouse model studies, the researchers also tested four small cell lung cancer tumor models derived from patients, and found that buquinone had good effects on two of the models, one of which was not responsive to the standard treatment of the disease, platinum drugs combined with etoposide 2 Lancet Oncol: immunotherapy drugs provide new treatment opportunities for patients who have received renal cancer and lung cancer treatment before Doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045 (19) 30514-5 pegilodecakin is a kind of drugs currently undergoing clinical trials, which has shown positive safety results, and may provide a potential new treatment way for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and renal cancer patients A study led by the MD Anderson Cancer Center at the University of Texas showed that the drug, in combination with two major anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, pembrolizumab and nivolumab, produced measurable responses in these patients The results of this multicenter IB phase study were recently published in Lancet Oncology "The combination of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody and pegilodecakin has controllable toxicity and promising antitumor activity "Said Dr Aung Naing, associate professor "Our study showed that this combination showed a good response in patients with NSCLC and renal cancer who had previously been treated compared to patients treated with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies alone "This study was conducted from February 2015 to September 2017 and tracked 111 patients with renal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and advanced malignant solid tumor melanoma The most common side effects are anemia, fatigue, low platelet count and high triglyceride levels The results showed that 43% of NSCLC patients, 40% of renal cancer patients and 10% of melanoma patients had objective reactions The patients were treated with pegilodecakin in combination with pembrolizumab or nivolumab until the disease progressed, the toxicity needed to be stopped, the patients withdrew their consent or the study ended If the investigator determines that the patient will continue to benefit, the patient will continue to receive combination therapy or pegilodecakin alone after the disease progresses 3 The magic medicine will become powerful again! Low dose aspirin may be effective in the treatment of head and neck cancer and lung cancer! News source: can aspirin help tuckle some cancer? Recently, at the American Conference on radiation oncology held in Chicago, scientists from Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Research Center and other institutions found that low-dose aspirin may improve the survival rate of patients with head and neck cancer and lung cancer through two studies In the first study, the researchers reviewed data from 460 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) or early non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) The researchers found that the consumption of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as low-dose aspirin), together with standard radiotherapy or chemotherapy, could increase the survival rate of these cancer patients by 8% In the second study, the researchers studied 164 NSCLC patients who received precise, high-dose radiotherapy, 57% of whom received aspirin and achieved 2-year survival (compared with 48% of the other patients) Dr Austin Iovoli, the researcher, said: 'we are particularly interested in the longer survival of these patients, although anti-inflammatory drugs seem to have little effect on the effectiveness of cancer treatment These studies provide scientists with new ideas and research basis for further research, and also prove the benefits of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as aspirin) in the treatment of cancer patients Although clinical trials are needed to make a clear recommendation, the researchers encourage patients to communicate with their doctors to use aspirin reasonably to improve their cancer treatment 4 Science sub Journal: three drug combination therapy is expected to treat fatal lung cancer doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw7999 in a new study, researchers from Francis Crick Institute and London Cancer Research Institute and other research institutions studied G12C KRAS inhibitors The new drug targets a specific mutation in the KRAS gene, which causes uncontrolled cell proliferation and rapid growth of cancer They also found that using a new drug in combination with two other compounds significantly reduced lung tumors in mice and lung tumors formed by human cancer cells Relevant research results were published in the Journal of Science Translational Medicine on September 18, 2019 The title of the paper is "development of combination therapies to maximize the impact of kras-g12cinhibitors in lung cancer" From Dr Miriam Molina arcas, Francis Crick Institute In clinical trials in the United States, drugs targeting G12C KRAS mutations showed promising antitumor activity with few adverse reactions, but it was not clear how long the response would last until the cancer developed resistance Professor Julian downward, the corresponding author of the paper, explained, "it's likely to be resistant to new drugs, so we need to stay one step ahead We found that the combination of three drugs can significantly shrink lung tumors in mice and lung tumors formed by human cancer cells The tumors treated with this combination were shrunk and kept small, while those treated with G12C KRAS inhibitors alone tended to shrink first, but began to grow again a few weeks later Our results show that in the next few years, it is necessary to test this combination therapy in human clinical trials in order to prevent or at least delay the emergence of drug resistance " Two other compounds in this combination therapy block the mTOR and IGF1R pathways, both of which have previously been tested in cancer patients Approved mTOR inhibitors are on the market, but IGF1R inhibitors are still in clinical trials 5 Science subjournal: a new method can distinguish the lung tumor related to head and neck cancer and unrelated doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw8513 In a new study, researchers from several German research institutions tested several machine learning algorithms to understand how they recognized the differences between head and neck cancer-related lung tumors (i.e., lung metastases from head and neck cancer to lung) and head and neck cancer unrelated lung tumors (i.e., primary lung tumors) Relevant research results were published in the Journal of Science Translational Medicine on September 11, 2019 The title of the paper is "machine learning analysis of DNA measurement profiles distinguishes primary lung squamous cell carcinomas from head and neck measures" In this paper, they describe these algorithms and how they work when tested As the researchers point out, patients with head and neck tumors also have a risk of secondary lung tumors But sometimes, this kind of patients will suffer from primary lung cancer unrelated to head and neck cancer It is important that doctors who treat these patients be able to differentiate between these lung tumor types because each lung tumor type requires a different treatment In addition, these researchers also pointed out that a type of cancer, especially head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (hNSC), once spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, is considered incurable However, another type of cancer called lung squamous cell carcinoma (lusc) can usually be cured by surgery Therefore, it is important for doctors to recognize them as quickly and accurately as possible Unfortunately, there is no technique to distinguish these tumor types In this new study, the researchers tested three machine learning algorithms based on neural networks to see how well they could do it Among them