In November 15, 2019, the essence of Science magazine, Chinese scientists published three Science papers in the same period.

November 26, 2019 / BIOON / - -- a new issue of Science Journal (November 15, 2019) will be published this week What are the highlights of its research? Let Xiaobian come together The picture is from science journal 1 Scientists in China have published two science papers to reveal the mystery of primate embryo development Doi: 10.1126/science.aax7890; doi: 10.1126/science.aaw5754; doi: 10.1126/science.aaz6976 gastrulation is a milestone event in development, which involves a series of complex molecular, physical and energy remodeling changes in early embryogenesis This process of transformation is different among different species, which leads to the diversity of animal forms on the earth Due to technical and ethical limitations, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of progut embryogenesis in primates are unclear The lack of samples of primate embryos at the gastrulation stage limits scientists' understanding of this critical event in primates Recently, human embryos have been cultured in vitro for 12 to 13 days Many governments and international organizations suggest that human embryos should not be cultured in vitro for more than 14 days Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that the analysis of non-human primate embryo model system will clarify the mechanism of projejunal embryo formation, and it is expected to clarify how human development and early development process abnormalities lead to development defects and diseases Monkeys have long been regarded as a reliable animal model for studying human physiological and pathological events, because they are highly similar to human in terms of genome and morphological characteristics In two new studies, Chinese researchers have developed an in vitro culture (IVC) system to study the development of cynomolgus monkey embryos after implantation to the gastrulation stage and beyond the gastrulation stage (9-20 days after fertilization) The relevant research results were published in the Science Journal on November 15, 2019, with the titles of "in vitro culture of sinomolgus monkey embaryos beyond early construction" and "dividing price early post impact development using long term in vitro embaryo culture" In the first study, researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences developed a system to support the in vitro culture of cynomolgus monkey embryos for up to 20 days after fertilization By combining histological and immunofluorescence staining with single cell RNA sequencing (RNA SEQ) analysis, they found that the development of these in vitro cultured monkey embryos exceeded the early gastrulation stage, and summarized the key events of early development of primate embryos after implantation In the second study, researchers from Kunming University of science and technology, Shenzhen Huada Gene Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences and other research institutions developed an in vitro culture system, which can study the growth process of primate embryos in the laboratory, and also help researchers to observe the molecular details of the key development process of embryos for the first time This research is carried out in non-human primate cells, which is also of great significance for the study of human early development; it can provide information on early embryonic development, and provide key information to improve the research progress of human regenerative medicine All in all, these two studies established an in vitro culture system, which can support the development of cynomolgus monkey embryos in vitro beyond the early gastrulation stage These IVC embryos outline many key events in the early development of primate embryos in vivo after implantation This monkey culture system provides a platform for the study of the specific molecular characteristics and mechanisms of early embryogenesis primates in the future These molecular characteristics and mechanisms may be related to the early development of human diseases 2 Science: Chinese and American scientists work together to reveal the mechanism of action of RSC complex from the structure, which is helpful to generate new insights for cancer Doi: 10.1126/science.aay0033 cell machine controlling chromosome structure, such as RSC complex, has mutation in about one fifth of human cancers Now, in a new study, researchers from Tsinghua University in China, Peking University and the University of Utah Medical School in the United States have for the first time constructed a high-resolution visual map of RSC complex, illustrating the working principle of this multi protein machine and its role in healthy cells and cancer cells The corresponding authors of the paper are Dr Zhucheng Chen, associate professor of Life Science College of Tsinghua University, Dr Ning Gao, Professor of Life Science College of Peking University, and Dr Bradley Cairns, cancer researcher of Huntsman Cancer Institute, medical school of Utah University The relevant research results were published online in the journal Science on October 31, 2019, with the title of "structure of the RSC complex bound to the nucleus" Gene expression is the basis of every cell behavior in all living organisms Gene expression provides a blueprint for cells to coordinate their actions, including growth, death, and response to changes in their environment Gene expression is essential for living healthy cells and cancer cells However, cancer cells express genes with defective instructions, which often lead to uncontrolled growth RSC and its related complexes are key regulators of chromosome structure and gene expression Once the RSC complex binds to the genome, it will perform a machine like motion, exposing DNA fragments in the chromosome, thus triggering gene expression The researchers determined how the complex works with chromosomes These findings will provide important new insights into the way certain cancers are produced Since RSC complex plays an important role in both healthy and cancer cells, now they can accurately visualize the high-resolution image of RSC complex, including all its components They were able to see how the complex interacts with chromosomes and DNA and how it moves This provides vital information to understand how RSC like compounds are involved in the development of cancer 3 Science: activation of ISR switch is expected to treat Down syndrome Doi: 10.1126/science.aaw5185; doi: 10.1126/science.aaz7128 Down syndrome is the most common genetic cause of mental disorders Currently, there is no effective treatment Memory impairment is a typical feature of this disease In a new study, researchers from Baylor Medical College and other research institutions reported that a defect in the conservative stress pathway called integrated stress response (ISR) may explain the cognitive defect in Down's syndrome mouse model The relevant research results were published in the Science Journal on November 15, 2019, and the title of the paper is "activation of the ISR medites the behavioral and neurological abnormalities in Down syndrome" The authors found that ISR was activated in the brains of mice that reproduced cognitive impairment in patients with Down's syndrome, and also in human brain samples after death What's more, whether it is through genetic means or drug means to inhibit ISR, these mice can reverse the memory deficit These findings support future studies to explore whether regulation of ISR may contribute to the treatment of Down's syndrome and other diseases caused by disruption of the ISR pathway 4 Science: Bacteroides myosin peptide mimics trigger the fatal inflammatory cardiomyopathy doi: 10.1126/science.aav3487; doi: 10.1126/science.aaz4400 myocarditis is a long-term chronic inflammation of the heart, which may eventually develop into inflammatory cardiomyopathy, a serious disease related to heart failure Activated helper T cells (Th cells), which recognize the peptide derived from myosin heavy chain 6, are believed to play a central role in this pathogenesis Using a mouse model of myocarditis, Gil Cruz et al Found that cardiac myosin reactive Th cells were initially activated by a myosin peptide analogue produced by a symbiotic Bacteroides in the gut Different from the healthy controls, human myocarditis patients also showed detectable immunoreactivity to bacteroidin and cardiac myosin antigens Antibiotic therapy can reduce inflammation and fatal heart disease 5 Science: the increase of bicarbonate concentration in fresh water results in the change of plant community composition doi: 10.1126/science.aay5945; doi: 10.1126/science.aaz9096 according to the photosynthetic characteristics of fresh water plants, they can be roughly divided into two categories: one is carbon dioxide, the other is bicarbonate Iversen et al Found that the relative concentration of these two inorganic carbon forms in water determines the functional composition of plant communities in the whole freshwater ecosystem Their global map reveals that the composition of the plant community is determined by the geology of the catchment area rather than by the climate (as opposed to the land area, where the characteristics of the plant community are determined by temperature and rainfall) The anthropogenic effects of land use change lead to the large-scale increase of bicarbonate concentration in freshwater catchments, which leads to the overall change of the community composition of aquatic plants 6 Science: to reveal that multiple factors affect global change doi: 10.1126/science.aay2832; doi: 10.1126/science.aaz9000 global environmental change is driven by a variety of natural and human factors Rilig et al Focused on the impact of global change on soil, pointed out that almost all published studies only consider one or two factors at a time In laboratory experiments, they tested 10 factors that affect global change individually or in combination at the level of 2 to 10 factors They found that soil properties, processes, and microbial communities could not be predicted by single effect reactions, and a variety of factors combined to produce unexpected responses They concluded that single factor research is still important for discovering mechanisms, but that global change biology needs to more fully include many drivers that affect ecosystems (BIOON Com)