How will China's pig industry meet the WTO

Introduction: at present, pig production in China has reached a new stage Before the 1990s, China's per capita pork accounted for less than 20 kg, and the total supply was insufficient, which was the first price segment From 1991 to 1999, China's total pork production increased rapidly from 22.8 million tons to 40.05 million tons, and the per capita pork share increased to about 30 kg It was 29 kg in 1997, 31.1 kg in 1998 and 31.7 kg in 1999 The contradiction between supply and demand of pork has been basically solved, and there is a relative surplus of pork in some large and medium-sized cities, which is the second stage at present Although the quantity of pork supply has basically reached, there are still many problems in quality For example, the color of pork becomes lighter, the taste is poor, the meat is thick, and the residues of toxic and harmful substances in the meat, such as heavy metals, hormones, stimulants, etc., fail to meet the safety standards People are eager to improve the quality and safety of pork and produce "high quality pork" In particular, China is about to enter the WTO In order to participate in the international market competition, China's pork must be produced in accordance with international standards, which is the third stage at present There are two basic concepts of high-quality pork: first, the quality of pork is good, especially the color, pH, content of muscle fat, tenderness, water resistance, thickness of muscle fiber, etc.; second, the residues of various toxic and harmful substances in pork should be reduced to a certain limit It doesn't mean not to inject water into pork, not to use sick pork, dead pork, etc in the traditional sense It improves the quality of pork production to a higher level In the course of large-scale pig raising, it is necessary to make some farmers raise pigs while others do not, that is to say, the number of farmers should be greatly reduced Farmers who do not engage in agriculture or aquaculture go to cities or engage in other industries The farmers engaged in pig raising should receive training and education so that they can become educated and skilled farmers Because to raise 1000 pigs, we need to have certain culture and technology In the past 20 years, pig industry in developed countries has also generally experienced this process For example, in Japan, there were 126700 pig farmers in 1981, 36000 in 1991, a decrease of 71.6%, while the average number of pigs per household increased from 79.3 to 314.9, or 297.1%, and the total number of pigs raised increased from 10.065 million to 1135.5 In the Netherlands, there were 62000 pig farmers in 1973 and 37000 in 1983, a decrease of 40% However, the average pig index per household increased from 103 to 279, and the total number of pigs raised in the country increased from 6.4 million to 10.3 million Similar situation exists in Britain, France, etc Modern science and technology have proved that an important factor affecting pork quality is heredity The carcass lean percentage of foreign pig breeds and binary and ternary hybrid pigs based on them is usually more than 60%, but the meat quality is poor, the color is light, the muscle fiber is thick, it is easy to seep water, the muscle fat content is low, and the taste is poor There is a contradiction between the lean meat rate and the meat quality of the pig carcass Too high lean meat rate and too fast growth speed will inevitably lead to the decline of the meat quality Therefore, in today's pig production, the following production goals are proposed: (1) the slaughter weight of pigs is 85 kg-90 kg; (2) the carcass lean rate is about 56% - 58% when the weight of pigs is 90 kg; (3) the intramuscular fat content of lean meat is 3% - 5% when the weight is 90 kg; (4) the adult sow litter produces 11-13 piglets, and 24-26 pigs are provided annually In order to achieve the above goals, it is difficult to fully adopt the breeding system of "yangsanyuan" pigs Only by making full use of the local pig resources and raising the binary or ternary hybrid with a certain local pig pedigree can the above objectives be achieved in reproductive performance and meat quality The carcass lean rate of a 90 kg "two foreign and one local" three yuan pig is about 56%, and it can produce about 36 kg lean meat Although it is 4 kg less than "foreign three yuan", it is better than "foreign three yuan" pig in pork quality, and it will be welcomed by foreign market The viewpoint of not advocating too high carcass lean rate has been put forward in foreign countries For example, in Germany, if the carcass lean meat rate is more than 58%, points shall be deducted To produce pigs with local pig pedigree in China and improve pork quality, some new strains of pigs introduced by some large breeding companies abroad (such as PCI company) currently have high fecundity and good meat quality In fact, they have a certain proportion of local pig pedigree in China, and there are such pigs in France The development of ecological pig farm is a large-scale pig farm, and the waste water discharged from it has a great impact on the environment In our country, there have been many cases that large-scale pig farms are too close to the residential areas and pollute the living environment of the residents, thus forcing them to close down or move In order to protect the environment, Singapore no longer raises pigs, but only imports pork South Korea is also considering it At present, many large-scale pig farms in China have this problem The larger the scale of pig farms, the more serious the pollution The essence of the problem of environmental pollution caused by large-scale pig farms is that the pig industry is separated from the ecological biological chain of agriculture The development of pig farming specialization has turned pig farms into a single "feed to pork" processing plant Regardless of the surrounding environment, it ignores agricultural production and pursues feed conversion rate, lean meat rate and maximum profit Local and short-term benefits are generated, and sustainable development is impossible Reduce the price fluctuation Implement the total amount control of sows When the price ratio of pig to grain is reasonable (general pig price: corn price = more than 5:1), do not blindly increase the number of sows, so that the proportion of sows in the number of pigs on hand is kept at about 7% - 8%, so that there is no surplus of pigs, so that the market price of pigs can remain relatively stable, and farmers can really get benefits From the perspective of market economy, blindly expanding the number of sows is not conducive to the price stability of the pig market and the wealth of farmers The essence of training the educated farmers to enter WTO and participate in the competition of international market is the competition of quality and price China's pork price is only 50% of the international market price, but the quality of pork is not high, it does not meet the export requirements and the processing and transformation capacity is low In order to improve the quality of products, we must learn from foreign experience and carry out "standardized" and "scientific and technological" production The so-called standardization refers to: (1) to establish a complete set of standard system, which runs through all the processes of feed production, pig production, processing and circulation From feed factory, pig factory, meat processing factory, seller to the table of ordinary people, each link should have the quality assurance standard of food safety Including packaging and transportation, strict testing of feed and additives must be carried out to ensure that the residues in pork meet the safety standards; (2) there is a complete set of guarantee system to promote product standardization, and the government issues a series of laws and policies to ensure that the production and processing of products are carried out in an orderly and safe environment, with certain reward and punishment measures; (3) a strong A large supervision system, including the government, laws, media and intermediary organizations, regularly issues scientific monitoring reports in the media to expose unqualified products; (4) implement "file agriculture", accurately record raw materials, feed, premix, additives, pig breeds and feeding process, and establish a complete set of files Once unsafe factors are found, problems can be found and solved as quickly as possible The so-called "scientific and technological" production refers to: (1) scientific breeding, the cultivation of new varieties (lines) of pigs that meet the quality requirements; (2) scientific breeding, guided by scientific formula, reasonable pig breeding, without using additives prohibited by the state; (3) the establishment of a "production, processing and marketing" joint industrialization system, the cultivation of leading enterprises, the creation of brands, and the promotion of professional pig farmers Production; (4) improve the modernization and automatic level of product quality testing, and improve the accuracy and rapidity of testing; (5) establish information communication system, and quickly spread important information and scientific and technological achievements to enterprises and pig farmers through various media and consulting service centers (author:) share to feed Weibo share to: