How to screen and prevent lymphoma & leukemia?

Malignant tumors are an important cause of death that seriously threatens human health.

According to the latest estimates of the World Cancer Research Center, there are more than 4.
5 million new cancer patients and more than 3 million deaths each year in China, which means that two-thirds of newly diagnosed cancer patients each year will eventually die.

As one of the common malignant tumors, hematological malignancies have received extensive attention in recent years, especially lymphoma has become one of the top ten cancers.

The promotion of early cancer screening, early diagnosis, and early treatment is an important measure to reduce cancer mortality.

Recently, the Shanghai Anti-Cancer Association and Fudan University Affiliated Tumor Hospital released the 2021 version of the "Recommendations for Common Residents' Screening and Prevention of Malignant Tumors", hoping to help residents identify and discover hereditary tumors early and get opportunities for early diagnosis and treatment.

So how to screen and prevent leukemia and lymphoma? The editor will take you to find out.

Lymphoma 01 High-risk subjects: Those with a history of radiation exposure or exposure to radioactive dust; those with infections and chronic inflammation; those with low immune function, and those with a history of autoimmune disease or organ transplantation.

02 Screening recommendations 1.
Clinical physical examination for the general population, once every 2 to 3 years.

2.
Clinical physical examination for high-risk groups, once a year.

3.
The above-mentioned clinical physical examination includes the following items: surgical physical examination: palpation of superficial lymph nodes, liver and spleen; B-ultrasound examination: superficial lymph nodes, liver, spleen and abdominal lymph nodes; blood routine.

03Prevention Suggestions to avoid radiation exposure and radioactive dust exposure; live a healthy life and strengthen exercise; actively treat autoimmune diseases or chronic inflammation; rationally channel bad emotions.

Leukemia 01 High-risk subjects: People with a family history of leukemia; patients with blood diseases; people with a history of exposure to benzene and organic solvents containing benzene; people with a history of exposure to ionizing radiation such as X-rays and y-rays; people with abnormal autoimmune function; smokers People with bad habits such as alcohol abuse, drug abuse, irregular work and rest; those with no inducement for chronic bleeding, such as skin bruises, nose bleeding, bleeding gums, menorrhagia, etc.
; general fatigue, fatigue, and bone and joint pain.

02 Screening recommendations 1.
High-risk groups: clinical physical examination, once a year.

2.
Clinical physical examination includes the following items: surgical physical examination: palpation of superficial lymph nodes, liver and spleen; B-ultrasound examination: superficial lymph nodes, liver, spleen and abdominal lymph nodes; blood routine.

03Precautions are recommended to avoid environmental contact with benzene and related chemicals and chemical products; avoid or reduce ionizing radiation such as X-rays and y-rays; quit smoking; regular physical examinations.

Hereditary tumor 01 High-risk objects have a family history; have family relatives with a low age of onset of cancer; have several different types of cancer in the same family; family cancers are manifested in a pair of organs, such as the kidneys on both sides or Both breasts have cancer; several first-degree relatives (parents, siblings, or children) have the same type of cancer (such as mothers, daughters, sisters who have breast cancer); family members who have breast or ovarian cancer with the same; People who have colon cancer and endometrial cancer in the same family; people who have an unusual type of cancer (such as male breast cancer) in the family; people who have birth defects known to be related to hereditary cancer syndromes, such as nerve fibers Certain benign skin growth and skeletal abnormalities related to neoplastic type 1; as a family member known to have an increased risk of a certain hereditary cancer susceptibility syndrome, and one or more of the above characteristics; multiple family members in the family Those who have cancer; carry the currently known genetic mutations and symptoms of cancer, see the table below.

Currently known genetic mutations and related cancers, symptoms Cancer related symptoms related genetic genes All cancers Bloom syndrome BLM Leukemia and lymphoma Ataxia diseases ATM Basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma Basal cell nevus syndrome PTCH1 Breast cancer, PTCH2, SUFU breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer Breast-ovarian cancer syndrome BRCA1, BRCA2 breast cancer, thyroid cancer and endometrial cancer, Cowden syndrome, PTEN breast cancer and gastric cancer, diffuse gastric cancer and lobular breast Cancer syndrome CDH1 colorectal cancer, duodenal cancer, gastric cancer, thyroid cancer MYH gene-related polyposis MYH colorectal cancer, medulloblastoma familial adenomatous polyposis APC melanoma, pancreatic cancer familial atypical multiple nevi melanoma Neoplastic syndrome CDKN2A glioblastoma, melanoma familial glioma-melanoma syndrome CDKN2A retinoblastoma, pineal blastoma, bone tumor, soft tissue sarcoma, retinoblastoma susceptibility syndrome, RB1 leukemia And myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) hereditary bone marrow failure syndromes, such as Fanconi’s anemia and telomere syndromes FANCC, FANC, FANCB, FANCS, BRCA1, TERT, TERC, kidney cancer, uterine fibroids, hereditary fibroids Diseases and renal cell carcinoma FH pancreatic cancer hereditary pancreatitis, familial pancreatitis PRSS1, SPINK1 leukemia, breast cancer, glioblastoma, choroidal cancer, adrenal cortex cancer, bone tumor, soft tissue cancer Signs TP53 low-grade glioma, neurofibromas, neurofibrosarcoma, meningioma, epididymal neurofibromatosis type I and neurofibromatosis type II NF1, NF2 glioblastoma, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, brain Tumor polyposis type I MLH1, PAMS2 medulloblastoma, abdominal stasis cancer, colorectal cancer, brain tumor polyposis type II APC colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer Lynch syndrome EPCAM, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 brain, Renal and extrarenal rheumatoid tumors Rheumatoid disease syndrome hSNFS, INI1 independent submembranous giant cell astrocytoma, renal angiolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyomas, tuberculous sclerosis complexes TSC1 and TSC2 TSC1 and TSC2 Leukemia, lymphoma, MDS hereditary myeloid malignant tumor syndrome, such as familial MDS, acute myeloid leukemia RUNX1, GATA2, CEBPA, ETV6, DDX41, ANKRD26, ATG2B/GSKIP pineal blastoma, pleural alveolar tumor, Lymphoma and glioblastomaDICER syndrome DICER1 pancreatic cancer, pituitary adenoma, benign skin tumor, lipoma multiple endocrine tumor 1MEN1 thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma multiple endocrine tumor 2RET, NTRK1 pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, uterus Cancer, testicular cancer, Petz-Jeger syndrome, STK11/LKB1, spinal cord tumor, cerebellar tumor, retinoblastoma, adrenal tumor, kidney tumor, Hipper-Lindau syndrome, VHL, kidney cancer, Wilms' tumor (Wilms' tumor) WT1 Skin Cancer Skin Pigmentation Disease XPD, XPB, XPA02 Expert Recommendations 1.
Genetic counseling The purpose of genetic counseling is to provide individuals or families with information and clinical support on tumor genetics and genetic conditions, usually in the form of health education.
Relevant genetic risk factors and related clinical information. 2.
Risk assessment and genetic testing Genetic testing is the analysis of blood samples to determine specific changes in DNA or genetic information.

Genetic testing is not recommended for everyone, and usually a family member who has had cancer.

In the cancer risk assessment, you can raise your doubts about genetic testing to the doctor, and ask about the possible results, benefits, risks, limitations, and costs of the test.
After you fully understand it, you can then decide whether genetic testing is suitable.

03Prevention is recommended to quit smoking and limit alcohol; healthy diet, increase the intake of crude fiber, fresh fruit, avoid high-fat and high-protein diet; adhere to physical exercise to avoid obesity; maintain a happy and healthy attitude.

Reference source: Shanghai Anti-Cancer Association "Recommendation for Screening and Prevention of Common Malignant Tumors in Residents" 2021 edition.
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