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Previous studies have shown that people with a rich diet tend to grow taller and enter sexual maturity earlier
.
For example, in South Korea, the average adult height increases with economic development
So, how does our body perceive the nutritional status, and how does it regulate our growth and development?
More than 20 years ago, scientists discovered that the lack of the "melanocorticosteroid 3 receptor (MC3R)" gene in the brain slowed the growth of mice
.
Recently, a study published in the journal Nature further proved that the receptor MC3R can respond to the nutritional status of the human body, regulate metabolism and energy balance, and affect the onset of puberty, growth rate and lean muscle content in children/adolescents.
Nutritional signals transmit the nutritional status of the brain and the body, such as leptin hormone produced in fat cells and insulin produced in response to increased blood sugar levels
.
Hypothalamus, these hormones act on a group of neurons to produce a signal referred to as "melanocyte (melanocortin)" a
Melanin acts on multiple receptors, two of which are in the brain
.
Among them, MC4R has been proven to regulate appetite and energy expenditure.
In the new study, research teams from several well-known universities such as the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom and the University of Michigan in the United States have discovered that another receptor, MC3R, responds to nutritional signals and controls The human brain releases key hormones that regulate growth and sexual maturity, thereby regulating the time of individual sexual maturity, the speed of height growth, and the increase in lean mass
.
By analyzing the whole exome sequence data of about 500,000 volunteers from the UK Biobank, scientists identified thousands of people with natural MC3R gene mutations and found that these people were shorter and shorter than the general population on average.
The time of puberty is later, and the content of lean tissues such as muscle is less
.
For example, only one of the two MC3R gene copies of 812 women had a mutation.
Although the changes were minor, women with this gene mutation had menarche on average 4.
7 months later than non-mutant carriers
.
▲Carriers of MC3R gene mutation (dark blue) were lower than the control group (light blue) at a very early age (picture source: reference [1])
Then, the scientists continued to identify 6 children with MC3R mutations from 5,993 participants in a cohort called "Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children" (ALSPAC)
.
Data show that these 6 children are shorter than normal children throughout childhood, and have lower lean body mass and weight, which means that the effects of abnormal MC3R function have occurred early in life
In these studies, only one of the two copies of the mutation carrier's gene was mutated, and it is very rare for groups with mutations to be found in both copies
.
A Bangladeshi man with two mutations was very short and had a significant delay in puberty in his early 20s
▲The lack of MC3R will affect the sexual maturity and estrus cycle of mice (picture source: reference [1])
The researchers also conducted experiments in mice to confirm the role of the MC3R pathway across species
.
The results showed that after a period of food deprivation, normal mice would stop the reproductive cycle until their energy reserves returned to normal, while mice lacking Mc3r did not respond
Note: The original text has been deleted
Reference materials:
[1] Lam, BYH, et, al.
[2] Scientists Discover How Our Brain Uses Nutritional State To Regulate Growth And Age At Puberty.
[3] Protein In The Brain Uses Energy Status To Influence Maturation, Body Size, New Research Shows.
Retrieved November 3, 2021, from https://news.
umich.
edu/protein-in-the-brain-uses-energy- status-to-influence-maturation-body-size-new-research-shows/
