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Vaccines work because there is a kind of immune cell in our body-memory B cells.
When the original memory B cells are activated by an antigen for the first time, they will proliferate in a large amount.
Most of them differentiate into plasma cells (effector B cells) and produce antibodies to clear the infection, while the rest differentiate into memory cells.
Memory cells can usually survive for several years or even life.
So, at the moment when the new crown epidemic is spreading, how long will the new crown vaccine be able to manage? How can I get sick after being vaccinated? Recently, the Scott D.
Boyd research group of Stanford University in the United States published the latest progress in the world-class academic journal "Science", entitled "Shared B cell memory to coronaviruses and other pathogens varies in human age groups and tissues", for these issues Provided for reference.
Researchers have found that the B-cell memory shared by coronaviruses and other pathogens differs in human age groups and tissues.
DOI: 10.
1126/science.
abf6648 In order to study the changes of cellular immune memory in human life and across tissues, researchers have studied the specific immunoglobulin heavy chains (IGH) of 6 common pathogens and have not been exposed to Ebola virus and new Volunteers of coronavirus virus were characterized.
The study analyzed a total of 12 cord blood (CB) samples, 93 blood samples from 51 children aged 1 to 3 (18 years old), 114 blood samples from healthy adults aged 17 to 87 (18 years old), and 8 deceased organ donations Convergent antigen-specific antibody genes in blood, lymph node, and spleen samples of patients.
Child and adult disease-specific convergent clones are generally divided into three categories: (1) naive clones containing only unmutated IgM or IgD (unmutM/D); (2) IgM/D with antigens.
D, the median SHM is more than 1% and there are no class-switching members (mutM/D); (3) Antigenic clones (CS) with class-switching members.
The results of the study showed that the frequency of IGH fusion was the lowest in cord blood samples.
The fusion clones of children and adults were mostly mutM/D or CS, while in adult blood samples, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Neisseria meningitidis Fusion clones of bacteria (NM) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are mainly mutM/D clones, while pneumococcal (PP), tetanus toxoid (TT) and influenza clones are mainly CS clones.
But the strange thing is that the frequency of Hib, PP, TT and RSV CS fusion clones in children is higher than that in adults, and mutant IgM or IgD are also found in these clones.
The frequency of fusion clones in the blood of children is not significantly related to the time of vaccination.
The distribution of fusion B cell clones in tissues was analyzed in the blood, spleen, mediastinal lymph node (MDLN) and mesenteric lymph node (MSLN) of eight adult dead organ donors.
In the analysis of adult lymph nodes and spleen, Hib, NM, PP, TT, The frequency of fusion clones of RSV and influenza is higher than that of blood.
Adult lymph nodes and children’s blood have more confluent clones, showing the different distribution of these clones in children and adults.
Previous reports suggest that specific B cells against bacterial capsular polysaccharides are enriched in the spleen, and patients with splenectomy are susceptible to infection by these bacteria.
However, existing observational data show that the convergent clone frequency of Hib, NM, and PP in lymph nodes is similar to or higher than that of the spleen.
The number of B cells in human lymph nodes is greater than that in the spleen, which indicates that the spleen is not the only savings point for these clones.
Fusion clones of SARS-CoV-2 and EBOV In samples that did not suffer from COVID-19 disease or before illness, researchers found that SARS-CoV-2 fusion clones were more common in children's blood.
37 out of 51 children had SHM with or without CS, indicating previous antigen experience.
The frequency of SARS-CoV2 convergent clones in blood and lymph tissues of adults is lower than that of children, and there are few examples of CS.
This shows that compared with adults, children have a higher frequency of fused B cell clones in their blood.
In conclusion, this article reveals that B cell memory differs from pathogen to pathogen.
The specific cloning of polysaccharide antigens is not limited to the spleen.
Adults have higher cloning frequency and category switching in lymphoid tissues than blood, while children’s blood has abundant category switching fusion clones.
The results of the study emphasize the importance of early childhood B cell clonal expansion and cross-reactivity in the future response to new pathogens.
End reference materials: [1]https://science.
sciencemag.
org/content/early/2021/04/09/science.
abf6648
When the original memory B cells are activated by an antigen for the first time, they will proliferate in a large amount.
Most of them differentiate into plasma cells (effector B cells) and produce antibodies to clear the infection, while the rest differentiate into memory cells.
Memory cells can usually survive for several years or even life.
So, at the moment when the new crown epidemic is spreading, how long will the new crown vaccine be able to manage? How can I get sick after being vaccinated? Recently, the Scott D.
Boyd research group of Stanford University in the United States published the latest progress in the world-class academic journal "Science", entitled "Shared B cell memory to coronaviruses and other pathogens varies in human age groups and tissues", for these issues Provided for reference.
Researchers have found that the B-cell memory shared by coronaviruses and other pathogens differs in human age groups and tissues.
DOI: 10.
1126/science.
abf6648 In order to study the changes of cellular immune memory in human life and across tissues, researchers have studied the specific immunoglobulin heavy chains (IGH) of 6 common pathogens and have not been exposed to Ebola virus and new Volunteers of coronavirus virus were characterized.
The study analyzed a total of 12 cord blood (CB) samples, 93 blood samples from 51 children aged 1 to 3 (18 years old), 114 blood samples from healthy adults aged 17 to 87 (18 years old), and 8 deceased organ donations Convergent antigen-specific antibody genes in blood, lymph node, and spleen samples of patients.
Child and adult disease-specific convergent clones are generally divided into three categories: (1) naive clones containing only unmutated IgM or IgD (unmutM/D); (2) IgM/D with antigens.
D, the median SHM is more than 1% and there are no class-switching members (mutM/D); (3) Antigenic clones (CS) with class-switching members.
The results of the study showed that the frequency of IGH fusion was the lowest in cord blood samples.
The fusion clones of children and adults were mostly mutM/D or CS, while in adult blood samples, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Neisseria meningitidis Fusion clones of bacteria (NM) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are mainly mutM/D clones, while pneumococcal (PP), tetanus toxoid (TT) and influenza clones are mainly CS clones.
But the strange thing is that the frequency of Hib, PP, TT and RSV CS fusion clones in children is higher than that in adults, and mutant IgM or IgD are also found in these clones.
The frequency of fusion clones in the blood of children is not significantly related to the time of vaccination.
The distribution of fusion B cell clones in tissues was analyzed in the blood, spleen, mediastinal lymph node (MDLN) and mesenteric lymph node (MSLN) of eight adult dead organ donors.
In the analysis of adult lymph nodes and spleen, Hib, NM, PP, TT, The frequency of fusion clones of RSV and influenza is higher than that of blood.
Adult lymph nodes and children’s blood have more confluent clones, showing the different distribution of these clones in children and adults.
Previous reports suggest that specific B cells against bacterial capsular polysaccharides are enriched in the spleen, and patients with splenectomy are susceptible to infection by these bacteria.
However, existing observational data show that the convergent clone frequency of Hib, NM, and PP in lymph nodes is similar to or higher than that of the spleen.
The number of B cells in human lymph nodes is greater than that in the spleen, which indicates that the spleen is not the only savings point for these clones.
Fusion clones of SARS-CoV-2 and EBOV In samples that did not suffer from COVID-19 disease or before illness, researchers found that SARS-CoV-2 fusion clones were more common in children's blood.
37 out of 51 children had SHM with or without CS, indicating previous antigen experience.
The frequency of SARS-CoV2 convergent clones in blood and lymph tissues of adults is lower than that of children, and there are few examples of CS.
This shows that compared with adults, children have a higher frequency of fused B cell clones in their blood.
In conclusion, this article reveals that B cell memory differs from pathogen to pathogen.
The specific cloning of polysaccharide antigens is not limited to the spleen.
Adults have higher cloning frequency and category switching in lymphoid tissues than blood, while children’s blood has abundant category switching fusion clones.
The results of the study emphasize the importance of early childhood B cell clonal expansion and cross-reactivity in the future response to new pathogens.
End reference materials: [1]https://science.
sciencemag.
org/content/early/2021/04/09/science.
abf6648
