HIV infection can cause many complications (phase 3)

December 31, 2019 / bioun / - -- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) virus, is a virus that causes human immune system defects In 1983, HIV was first discovered in the United States It is a lentivirus that infects cells of the human immune system It is a retrovirus HIV destroys the T lymphocyte of human body, and then blocks the process of cellular immunity and humoral immunity, leading to the paralysis of the immune system, which leads to the spread of various diseases in human body, and ultimately leads to AIDS Due to the rapid variation of HIV, it is difficult to produce specific vaccine, so far there is no effective treatment, which poses a great threat to human health Since the 1980s, the AIDS epidemic has claimed more than 34 million lives According to the statistics of the World Health Organization (who), it is estimated that 36.9 million people around the world were infected with HIV in 2017, of which only 59% of those infected with HIV received antiretroviral therapy (Art) So far, HIV is still one of the biggest public health challenges in the world, so it is urgent to study the function of HIV in depth to help researchers develop new therapies that can effectively combat the disease In order to prevent the massive replication of virus from damaging the immune system, people with HIV need to take art every day or even for life Although it has been proved that art can effectively inhibit the onset of AIDS, but such drugs are expensive, time-consuming and labor-consuming and have serious side effects There is an urgent need to find a cure for HIV infection Given that HIV infection can damage the immune system, it is not hard to imagine that people living with HIV will suffer a series of complications Based on this, this paper reviews the research progress in the past few years for the readers 1 Clin affect dis: even after early treatment, HIV still attacks young brain doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz1088 currently, the vast majority of HIV infected children live in sub Saharan Africa Although early antiretroviral therapy (Art) can reduce the mortality of children infected with HIV and exposed to HIV, studies have shown that the virus may still affect the brain HIV may damage neural development and affect children's learning and reasoning ability That's why Professor Michael Boivin, director of the psychiatry research program at the school of plastic surgery, Michigan State University, in a two-year longitudinal study, set out to understand exactly how HIV affects children's neuropsychological development The relevant research results were recently published in the Journal of clinical infectious diseases The title of the paper is "African multi site 2-year neuroscience study of school agechildren persistently infected, exposed, and unexposed to human immunity virus" The picture is from cc0 public domain Boivin and his colleagues assessed neuropsychological development in three groups of children aged 5 to 11 years: those who were perinatal HIV infected and treated with anti art drugs; those who were HIV exposed but HIV negative; and those who were never HIV exposed The new study was conducted in six research sites in four countries in sub Saharan Africa to gain insight into how HIV affects children in the region Through various assessments, the researchers found that even with early treatment and good clinical care, children infected with HIV still have major neuropsychological problems During the study, there was a growing gap between HIV positive and HIV negative children in the area of reasoning and planning Generally speaking, these abilities tend to grow greatly in the school age of healthy children 2 AIDS: antiretroviral drugs may damage the heart of infants exposed to HIV but not infected with HIV in the womb doi: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002443 all babies born to HIV infected women will be exposed to the virus in the womb, but not all people will be infected with it However, all pregnant women infected with HIV in the United States are treated with antiretroviral drugs (Art), so babies exposed to HIV in the womb will be exposed to these powerful drugs whether they are infected with HIV or not Now, a new study shows that infants who are exposed to HIV and art drugs in the womb but who are not infected with HIV show "clinically insignificant but noteworthy" left ventricular dysfunction early in life, suggesting that these drugs may put these infants at risk of adverse heart events Relevant research results were recently published in the Journal of AIDS The title of the paper is "left ventricular dysfunction in HIV uninfected infections exposed in computero to antiretroviral therapy" The first author is Professor Steven E lips hultz, director of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of medicine and biomedical sciences, University of buffalo, USA Based on these findings, the researchers recommend a follow-up of serial echocardiogram in this population to further assess the "potential cardiac toxicity" of intrauterine exposure to art drugs 3 Jaids: babies born to HIV infected women have a higher risk of obesity and asthma during adolescence doi: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002235 in the world, more than one million babies are born to HIV infected women every year In order to prevent pregnant women from transmitting HIV to their fetus during pregnancy, they receive antiretroviral drugs (Art) before delivery With the expansion of prenatal art treatment, up to 98% of these infants may be exposed to HIV but uninfected (HEU) Although scientists have been actively studying the short-term health effects of intrauterine HIV exposure, the long-term health outcomes of these uninfected infants entering puberty and adulthood are still poorly understood HIV, image from Wikipedia Commons In a new study, researchers from the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) found that babies born to HIV infected women still face an increased risk of obesity and asthma like symptoms when they grow up to be teenagers They revealed for the first time that HIV negative adolescents and young people with a history of HIV exposure in the womb were more than four times more likely to develop obesity and asthma like symptoms than their peers without a history of HIV exposure in the womb The related research results were recently published in the Journal of acquired immunity syndromes The title of the paper is "association of in utero HIV exposure with objectivity and reactive airway disease in HIV negative adolescents and young adults" 4 Circulation: new research reveals how HIV infection increases the risk of sudden cardiac death doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.043042 Now, in a new study, researchers from Johns Hopkins University and other research institutions in the United States compare medical information and ECG data from HIV infected and non HIV infected men, and report that in HIV infected men, there is more variability in the period of electrical "reset" between the heartbeat (known as QT interval), which may lead to heart disease The risk of sudden cardiac death increased The related research results were recently published in the Journal of circulation The title of the paper is "HIV infection is associated with variability in viral reproduction: the Multicenter AIDS short study (MACS)" Amir heravi, the first author of the paper and a medical student at Johns Hopkins University School of medicine, said, "at present, the message to patients and treatment providers is that early treatment and use of antiretroviral therapy to control HIV infection, adhere to treatment and continue to monitor the level of the virus are still the most important In addition, people should reduce traditional cardiovascular risk factors by following healthy eating habits, keeping fit, quitting smoking and treating diabetes, so as to make up for any additional burden of HIV on the heart " If further studies confirm and expand their findings, the researchers say, doctors may eventually be able to use this method of measuring this unstable electrical activity in the heart to more accurately assess a person's risk of sudden cardiac death and identify interventions that are expected to limit or prevent this risk 5 Circulation: HIV infection increases the risk of death in patients with heart failure doi: 10.1161/circ.140.suppl_.16455 in a new study, Dr sebhat erqou, assistant professor of medicine at Brown University and his team found that after the diagnosis of heart failure, HIV positive people are more likely to be hospitalized or die for any reason than people without HIV infection This is the largest study to date to explore how HIV status affects people diagnosed with heart failure The relevant research results were recently published in the Journal of circulation, and the title of the paper was "heart failure outcomes among vectors with human immunity virus infection" "We found that people with HIV positive heart failure are more likely to smoke, have heart and liver disease, and have depression or substance abuse than people with HIV negative heart failure," erqou said But even with this in mind, people living with HIV still have worse results than people who are not infected " 6 JAMA: in order to control the prevalence of HIV, we should not neglect the health of people living with HIV doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.19775 experts from the National Institutes of Health published an article in JAMA magazine, saying that in order to prevent the spread of new HIV, we must solve HIV related complications to improve the health of people living with HIV The review details the proposed end of the HIV epidemic: the United States plan, which aims to reduce new HIV transmission in the United States by 75 per cent in five years and 90 per cent in ten years, and discusses the problems faced by emerging opioid injection programmes in rural areas Image source: Despite the ideal goal of "ending the HIV epidemic," at least one million people in the United States are still infected with the virus With the help of effective antiretroviral therapy (Art), the life span of hi V infected people is expected to be close to that of normal people However, even with antiretroviral therapy, HIV carriers are at high risk of multiple complications, including heart disease, kidney disease, osteoporosis, liver disease, some cancers and neurocognitive diseases Anthony S Fauci, director of the National Institutes of health's allergy and infectious diseases (NIAID), said that to successfully address HIV related complications, research is needed to better understand the development of these diseases Priority must also be given to clinical trials to assess treatment options for HIV related comorbidities and to work to reduce healthcare differences 7 Lancet HIV: exposure to the HIV drug favelon in the womb increases the risk of microcephaly and stunting in children doi: 10.1016/s2352-3018 (19) 30340-6 In a new study, U.S researchers report that children born to women on anti HIV drugs containing efavirenz are two to two-and-a-half times more likely to have microcephaly than children born to women on other antiretroviral drugs Children with microcephaly also have a higher risk of stunting than children with normal head size The related research results were recently published in the Lancet journal of HIV The title of the paper is "association of mathematically progressive use with microcephaly in children who are HIV exposed but uninfected (SMART): a prospective court study" The corresponding author is Harvard Chen Zeng