Highlights to be read in the September 2020 journal Science.

September 30, 2020 / --- September 2020 is coming to an end, what are the highlights of the September Science journal research worth learning? The editor-in-chief has organized this and shared it with you.
1.Science: An in-depth analysis of the body's antibody response to the new coronavirus lays the groundwork for the development of a new and more effective vaccine doi:10.1126/science.abd4250 A tool designed to detect a history of viral infection from a drop of blood was upgraded in the COVID-19 era.
VirScan is a technique that can determine which of the more than 1,000 different viruses have infected people, and can now detect evidence of coronavirus infection, including SARS-CoV-2.
In a new study, researchers from Bregan Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School in the United States provided a wealth of details about human antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and how they might be different in individuals infected with more severe COVID-19.
study was published online September 29, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "Viral epitope profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals cross-react and correlates of severity".
VirScan tests the body fluid response to SARS-CoV-2 in the serum of PATIENT COVID-19 patients.
images from Science, 2020, doi:10.1126/science.abd4250.
the analysis, Elledge and colleagues analyzed blood samples from 232 COVID-19 patients and 190 controls prior to COVID-19 using VirScan to study the antibody response to SARS CoV-2.
identified 800 viral bits called epitopes that the immune system can recognize.
not all of the tables are the same, and some of them may be identified by the antibody, which can lead to a response to the elimination of infection.
, however, if the body produces antibodies against other cousins, it may initiate a less effective response, giving the virus an advantage.
, viruses, including sars-CoV virus, can even benefit from the body's antibody response, using antibodies to enter cells, a phenomenon known as antibody-dependent enhancement.
in the case of SARS-CoV-2, the Elledge team detected a series of antibody frequencies for different tables.
many of these epitopes are public epitopes that are --- by the immune system of a large number of patients.
one of the common tables was identified by 79% of COVID-19 patients.
other tables are considered private and are recognized by only a few people or even one person's immune system.
10 tables are present in key areas necessary for the virus to enter the host cell and may be identified by the antibody.
team developed a rapid diagnostic test using the most discernable tables.
2.ScienceDaily: Great progress! Revealing endosome P5A-ATPase is a cross-membrane helical dislocation enzyme doi:10.1126/science.abc5809 In a new study, as a model for studying membrane protein positioning, researchers from Harvard Medical School and the University of California, Berkeley focused on tail anchoring proteins, which contain a single C-end transmembrin region that is necessary and largely sufficient for cellular positioning.
they concluded that the factors that mediated the anchoring of the mitochondrial tail protein would interact directly with the new protein.
the authors used an unbiased, bit-specific crosslinking and mass spectrometry method to identify such protein transfilms.
method reveals that orphan P-type pump P5A-ATP enzymes (Spf1 in yeast; ATP13A1 in humans) reside in endoensomal networks interact directly with mitochondrial tail anchor proteins.
since genetic studies have linked P5A-ATPase to mitochondrial tail anchor protein misalaping, these authors combine bio-chemical and structural methods to determine the function and mechanism of P5A-ATP enzymes.
the results of the study, published in the September 25, 2020 issue of The Endoplasmic Reticulum P5A-ATPase is a transmembrane helix dislocase.
the authors identified the function of P5A-ATP enzymes as dislocases (dislocases) in transmean regions on endosome membranes.
this functional distribution indicates that P-type ATP enzymes transport substrates in addition to ions and lipids.
P5A-ATP enzyme actively removes the wrongly inserted protein from the endosome mesh and also represents a previously unknown cell assurance and quality control mechanism that helps maintain the stability of the endosome and mitochondrial states, which may also explain the multi-effect esoprotein associated with P5A-ATP enzyme dysfunction.
3. Two Science papers reveal the weakness of Man's schistosomiasis and help develop a new drug for schistosomiasis, doi:10.1126/science.abb7709; doi:10.1126/science.abb7699; doi:10.1126/science.abe0710 Two new studies, led by researchers from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, shed light on the biological characteristics and potential weaknesses of schistosomiasis--- a parasite that causes the little-known tropical disease schistosomiasis---
could change the process of the disease, which kills up to 250,000 people a year.
the results of the study, published in the September 25, 2020 issue of the Journal of Science, were titled "A single-cell RNA-seq atlas of Schistosoma mansoni identifies a key regulator of blood feeding" and "Large-scale RN Ai screenings of therapeutic targets in parasite Schistosoma mansoni".
the first study, the researchers delved into the cell types that make up the flatworm.
although the flatworm is a multicellular organism of many unique tissue types, little is known about its different cell populations.
to build a cell type map of Schistosoma mansoni --- one of the types of schistosomiasis that usually causes schistosomiasis--- Collins and his team used a technique called single-cell RNA sequencing, which distinguishes individual cell types based on unique gene expression patterns.
method, they identified 68 molecularly unique clusters of cells, including stem cell populations that form guts.
When the researchers used a targeted method called RNA Interference (RNAi) to turn off the activation of a key gene in these cells, the resulting schistosomiasis was unable to digest red blood cells -- the key to their growth and the key to their pathology.
in a second study, the researchers used RNAi to sort out the function of about 20 percent of the protein-coded genes in Man's schistosomiasis, of which Man's schistosomiasis has 2,216 protein-coded genes.
previously, only a few genes in the creature had been evaluated.
, Collins and his colleagues discovered more than 250 genes that are critical to survival by insobating them one by one.
the researchers then used a database of pharmacological compounds to look for drugs that might act on proteins produced by these genes and identify several compounds that are active against the parasite.
also found two protein kinases--- a group of proteins known for being drug-targeted---TAO and STK25 are critical to muscle function.
when the two kinases were inhibited, the parasite became paralysed and eventually died, suggesting that drugs targeting both kinases could eventually treat schistosomiasis patients.
next step will be to look for inhibitors for these proteins.
4.Science: Revealing the mechanism of operation of mammalian mitochondrial complex I doi:10.1126/science.abc4209 Mitochondrials are the energy factories of our cells, and the energy it generates supports life.
a giant molecular proton pump called complex I: it initiates a series of reactions that create proton gradients to drive ATP production.
compound I plays a central role, the mechanism by which protons are transported across membranes is still unknown.
now, in a new study, Leonid Sazanov of the Austrian Institute of Science and Technology and his team have solved the mystery of how complex I works: its configuration changes are combined with static waves to move protons into mitochondrial substations.
study was published online September 24, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "The coupling mechanism of the prisonian complex I."
I on the membrane, the water molecules are shown as red spheres, the carbohydrate is represented in black, and the NADH is represented in gray.
photo from ISTO Austria.
complex I is the first enzyme in the respiratory chain.
is made up of a series of protein complexes in the membranes of mitochondrials that produce most of the cell's energy.
in the respiratory chain, three membrane proteins establish proton gradients that move protons from the cytokine into the mitochondrial substitut.
energy that drives this process comes mainly from the electron transfer between the NADH molecule (from the food we eat) and the oxygen we breathe.
ATP is the last protein in the respiratory chain, using this proton gradient to produce ATP.
5.Science: Super-powerful antibody mixture blocks new coronavirus attachment host cell doi:10.1126/science.abe3354 New coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is now raging around the world.
In a new study, researchers from the United States, France, Belgium and Italy found that a super-powerful antibody mixture from recovering COVID-19 patients identified and blocked the infection complex of the pandemic coronavirus and prevented it from entering cells.
the role of each type of super-powerful antibody overlaps, but is slightly different.
these ultra-powerful antibodies, whether used alone or mixed together, can prevent SARS-CoV-2 from replicating in the lungs, thus protecting hamsters from infection when exposed to the virus.
results were published online September 24, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "Ultrapotent human antibodies antibodies against protectst SARS-CoV-2 challenge via multiple mechanisms".
advantage of this antibody mixture is that they may also prevent the natural mutant form of the coronavirus from escaping treatment during this pandemic.
the coronavirus pandemic, some mutants have been found in its infectious complex, and a mixture of antibodies can be used to mediate a range of such virus mutants.
6.Science: Revealing that HDAC6 mediated NLRP3 and pyrin inflammatory body activation mechanism doi:10.1126/science.aas8995 typical inflammatory body is a multi-component protein complex that plays a key role in immunologic monitoring of infection and risk by activating caspase-1.
active caspase-1 lysed leuriabin 1 (IL-1) and porous protein gasdermin D, resulting in cytokine maturation and cell coke death.
Nucleotide binding domain, repetitive sequence rich in leucine and protein 3 (NLRP3) containing pyrin (pyrin) domain can be stimulated by various particles such as Nigerian mycosin nigericin, extracellular ATP and uric acid monosodium (MSU) crystals, alum, silica and amyloid protein, while pyrin inflammatory bodies can be stimulated by the R-glucosin activity of Serotonin B.
characteristic of the activation of inflammatory bodies is the formation of a single supermoleamy dot (also known as speckle) in each cell.
, however, the location and transshipment of such do notions are still unknown.
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