Highlights research that cell journals have to watch in October 2019

October 31, 2019 news / BIOON / -- October 2019 is coming to an end What are the highlights of cell journal in October worth learning? Xiaobian has sorted this out and shared it with you 1 Cell: developed optical hybrid screening technology, which can screen thousands of genes in human cells in a few days doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.016 now, in a new study, researchers from Massachusetts Institute of technology and broad research institute in the United States have developed a method that combines large-scale hybrid screening with image-based cell behavior analysis This method, called optical pooled screen, allows people to study how genes affect cell processes in spatial and temporal resolution, while other hybrid screening methods cannot The relevant research results were published in the cell Journal on October 17, 2019, and the paper title is "optical pooled screens in human cells" The corresponding author is Paul Blainey, Ph.D., associate professor of bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of technology, a member of the Broder Institute's core research institute The first author of this paper is avtar Singh, a postdoctoral researcher in Blainey laboratory, and David Feldman, a Ph.D student in physics in Blainey laboratory Gene editor Feng Zhang is also a co-author of the paper Picture from cell, 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.016 "With this new method, anyone can use a microscope to screen thousands of genes in a few days without special equipment," Singh said By mapping the location of a protein called p65 in millions of cells, the researchers studied the effect of 952 genes on the signal transduction activity of an immune regulatory complex called NF KB They found a new role for two genes, med12 and med24, in the relaxation of NFkB signals 2 Cell: to reveal the mystery of DNA replication from the perspective of topology doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.034 the phenomenon of entanglement of living molecules However, it is difficult to explain how the two familiar strands of DNA double helix are successfully replicated without entanglement In a new study, researchers from Cornell University in the United States solved the problem from the perspective of topology They studied the effect of this double helix shape on DNA replication By using eukaryotes as a model system, they found that the intrinsic mechanical properties of chromatin (composed of DNA, histone and non histone components) determine how chromatin fibers are wound The relevant research results were published in the cell Journal on October 17, 2019, and the paper title is "collaborative coordination of chromium rotational mechanics and toposomerase activity" In the DNA replication process, in which the replicator separates the two strands and moves them forward, the DNA must also be wound around a double helix This will cause DNA to bear a large torsional stress, which will lead to additional distortion of DNA The question is: where does the extra distortion happen? If the extra twist occurs only on the front of the replica, then the two child DNA molecules will not be entangled together, so they can be separated However, if the extra twist occurs on the back of the replica, the two child DNA molecules will be intertwined and cannot be separated This will create a major problem for chromosome segregation during cell division, which may lead to DNA damage and cell death or cancer The researchers found that twining a single chromatin fiber was much easier than twining two chromatin fibers This means that additional distortions will occur preferentially on the front of the replica, minimizing the entanglement between the two child DNA molecules In a separate experiment, they found that an enzyme (topoisomerase II) capable of uncoupling double helix DNA strongly preferred single chromatin fibers on the front The mechanical properties of chromatin and the activity of topoisomerase seem to be coordinated in a coordinated way to reduce the entanglement between the subdna molecules 3 Cell: great progress! In a new study, researchers from Glaston Institute and xyphos Biosciences, Inc described a new technology to attack HIV infected cells This new technology is a new and improved version of car-t cell immunotherapy In recent years, this therapy is famous for its success in resisting blood cancer By improving its coverage and versatility, this new technology, called convertiblecar-t, has shown great potential in many therapeutic areas, especially in the fight against HIV, because it can be used to reduce the stock of infected cells that persist in HIV infected people during art The relevant research results were published online in the cell Journal on October 24, 2019 The paper title is "attacking late HIV with convertiblecar-t cells, a highly adaptable killing platform" The corresponding author of the paper is Dr Warner C Greene, director of HIV cure research center, Glaston Institute Picture from cell, 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.002 Traditional car-t cells have been shown to be very successful in inducing remission of blood cancers such as lymphoma and childhood leukemia But as a treatment against HIV infection, traditional car-t cells are not perfect "Some of the disadvantages of traditional car-t cells are that they are genetically engineered to target individual molecules on the surface of cancer cells, and once injected into patients, they cannot be controlled," said Eytan Herzig, the first author of the paper and a scientist at Greene's laboratory Xyphos bioscience has overcome these shortcomings by isolating targeted antibodies from cytotoxic killer cells Dr David W Martin, the company's chief scientist, explained: "we have genetically modified the ccar-t cells so that these T cells can express the human receptor protein NKG2D on their surface, which is slightly modified." This modified NKG2D receptor, when combined with its partner, can turn these T cells into effective killers Its partner is a protein called MIC-A, which has been tailored and modified by scientists from xyphos biosciences to specifically bind to the modified NKG2D receptor on the surface of ccar-t cells The scientists then fused it with the base of the targeted antibody to build a product they call micabody Therefore, this targeting micabody tightly and uniquely binds to ccar-t cells Herzig and Greene have been testing anti HIV antibodies known as broad neutralizing antibodies (bNAb) in the laboratory to remove latent HIV virus libraries In collaboration with scientists from xyphos Biosciences, they built micabody (called mic bNAb) based on bNAb, and tested the combined use of ccar-t cells and Mic bNAb in various laboratory analyses In the laboratory, Herzig tested these combinations with a variety of CD4 T cells (natural targets of HIV) infected with various HIV strains In particular, he used cell preparations derived from the human tonsil; tonsil T cells are known to be a latent HIV virus library in HIV infected people He wants to make sure that the combination of ccar-t / MIC bNAb kills T cell types that represent a latent HIV virus library The results were significant: the combination of ccar-t cells and Mic bNAb specifically killed the infected CD4 T cells, but did not kill the uninfected cells They kill infected cells only when used in combination with MIC bNAb, however, neither when used alone nor in combination with micabody, which does not target HIV They killed CD4 T cells that had been infected with a variety of HIV strains in the laboratory When used in combination with MIC bNAb targeting HIV and micabody targeting cancer cells, ccar-t cells can effectively kill cancer cells mixed in the same cell culture and HIV infected cells In other words, ccar-t cells precisely demonstrate the versatility and specificity it aims to achieve Finally, Herzig and Greene tested whether the ccar-t / MIC bNAb platform could attack the latent HIV virus library in the blood of HIV infected people receiving ART treatment To make these cells visible to ccar-t cells, they first activated the cell cultures with powerful compounds called "latency reversal agents." Within 48 hours after exposure, more than half of the activated HIV target antigen expressing cells were removed Greene concluded, "this platform has a bright future." 4 Cell: develop the barseq technology, build a better brain map doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.023 Professor Anthony Zador and his team have been studying how the brain circuit mediates and controls complex behaviors Ten years ago, they drew three pillars of brain function: connectivity, gene expression and physiological activity Because there is no effective technology to do this, his team developed mapseq, a technology to map the connections between different brain cells and better understand how they interact with each other Over the years, Zador and his lab have continued to improve the technology In a new study, led by postdoctoral researcher Xiaoyin Chen, Zador lab introduced the next generation of mapseq Technology: barseq This new technology can be used to expand the brain map by pinpointing the location of neurons This enables barseq to determine not only the connections of neurons, but also their gene expression patterns and physiological activities, which are two problems that mapseq cannot solve The relevant research results are published in the cell Journal on October 17, 2019, and the paper is entitled "high throughput m app ing of long range neuro project using in situ sequencing" The researchers used barseq to map the connections of 3579 neurons in the auditory cortex of mice Matching connectivity patterns with gene expression allows scientists to characterize different cell types and determine their specific functions in the brain This will prove to be a valuable tool for studying how neural circuits are formed 5 Cell: interesting! There are different types of brain cells in male and female mice! doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.020 Recently, in a research report published in the international journal Cell, scientists from California Institute of technology and other institutions found rare brain cell types in male mice, and another special type of brain cell in female mice These gender specific cells in special areas of the brain play a role in controlling aggression and mating behavior Playing a very critical role Photo source: cc0 public domain The hypothalamus is a special area in the brain of all vertebrates including human beings Previous studies have shown that the special anatomical area (vmhvl, ventrolateral area of ventromedial hypothalamus) in the hypothalamus contains cells that can control the aggressive and mating behaviors of the body In these studies, the neurons in the brain of male and female mice are strongly stimulated or can promote the mouse to become a mouse It's more aggressive (even if there's no threat), however, a small amount of stimulation promotes the mice to start mating In this study, the researchers scored