Sexual hybridization of cross-pollinated plants

related topicsHeterogeneity pollination also has two meanings, for sexual reproduction
testa
, refers to the natural state of the female female by accepting pollen fertilization of other flowers to reproduce offspring of plants, for nutrient-breeding fruit trees and other crops, refers to different varieties (
gene
type) of mutual pollination, also known as hetero-plants. The population of heterogeneum pollinators is a descendant of heterogeneums that are produced by the combination of cells of different origins and genetic differences. Self-pollination plants and unusual pollinators are limited to the same type of flower, and are limited to a few species of plants, genus herbs. Heterogeneity pollination is common in all departments of higher plants. Most heterogeneity pollination crops are insatiable with self-intercourse, which can lead to a significant decline in living power. However, the female and male plants and the same species of male and female flowers mainly rely on their gender differentiation to ensure that their exotic pollination, no special mechanism of self-indesocision and disexuality was found.
iso-pollination crops have complex diversity in the structure of flowerers and adapt to the needs of hetero-pollination in a variety of ways. For example, open pollinator male and female are beneficial to exotic pollination, wind-borne flowers produce a large number of small, light and easy-to-fly pollen, females have exposed surface large and easy to capture floating pollen column; insect-borne flowers have a strong appeal to insects and other pollinators bright colors, rich and specific odors, developed crowns and dense glands;
Because different genus of heterogeneity pollinator plants have different flower structure, so it is necessary to understand these differences before de-pollination, cross-flower vegetables are currently the largest varieties, the most extensive cultivation area of vegetables, and for the typical hetero-pollination crops, so this experiment mainly kale to illustrate the hetero-pollination plant sexual hybridization techniques.
kale flowering habits: flower sequence for the general shape, the main stem first pumped, and then pulled out a branch, one branch and then pulled out a second branch .... The flowering order of flowers is the first main stem, the second side branch, the second side branch... The whole flower is open from the top down, and the flowers in each flower sequence are open from the bottom up. Early open flowers will be due to low temperature, poor pollination and low scum rate, high secondary branch (after the second branch) of the top part of the flower due to malnutrition and low syndy yield, and the seeds are not full, these parts of the buds are not suitable for hybridization.
Through experimental operation, we can master the sexual hybridization techniques of fruit tree plants such as apples and pears, crusader vegetables, gourd vegetables, lily vegetables, spinach, corn and other exotic flower pollination crops;
, test materials and appliances
1. Test material: a parent material for hybridization. According to the experimental requirements to prepare test materials, such as: apples, pears, corn, cabbage, kale, cucumbers, watermelons, leeks, leeks, spinach and so on.
2. Appliances: tweezers, pollinators, magnifying glasses, finger tubes (or small glass bottles),
drying
,
culture
dishes, pollen sieves, scissors, 75% alcohol cotton balls, paper bags, cards, pencils, etc.
2, method steps
(i) parent-based plant selection
Because cross-flower vegetables for exotic pollination crops, varieties of plants between the differences are greater, so in the choice of parent-based must choose with the typical varieties, growth of robust pest-free plants, after the selection to be unified number, parents should be bag isolation.
(ii) flower sequence selection and whole flowering
generally natural growth of the plant branch more, and when making hybrid parent, in order to ensure full nutrition and seeds, to properly organize the plant, remove too many invalid high branch, hybrid flower sequence should choose the main stem and a side branch on the best. Leave about 15 full buds in each order to remove the young buds that have been opened or redundant.
(iii) go to the male bag
choose the buds before flowering 1 to 2d, at this time the crown slightly exposed light green petals, but has not yet opened (phase division is called the yellow bud period), with tweezers gently pick flower buds and flower crowns, and then use tweezers to remove all males (four strong and two weak), if combined into positive and reverse, can be taken down when the male Flower medicine finger tube to save, operation do not damage the column head, minimize damage to the crown, so that the column head is still in a suitable environment, cross flower vegetables should generally go male time should be 6:00 to 8:00 and 16:00 to 18:00, because of the low temperature, the flower lost less water, but also conducive to wound healing. After operation, set up a paper bag to prevent insects and other pollination.
Apples, pears, peaches, apricots and plums and other fruit tree crops, can be used even to be male method, that is, with the male or fingernails will be part of the , male and petals removed at once, pollination without bags, significantly improve the efficiency of hybridization, in a limited pollination time, to obtain as many hybrid seeds as possible.
(iv) Pollen collection and storage
remove the parent's bag, select the flowers in full bloom on the day, take back the room, take the flower medicine down, concentrate on the petri dish, put in the dryer dry 2 to 4h, and then remove the pollen sieve separation, the sieveed pollen into the finger tube spare. General pollen is kept for a long time under dry and cold conditions. If the parent's flowering period is late, it is necessary to carry out flowering, fruit tree plants such as apples, pears, etc. can be picked back into the indoor bottle (called cutting hydroponics), in warm conditions in advance flowering, and then in accordance with the above method to take its pollen spare.
(5) pollination
remove the mother paper bag to male 1 to 2d after the flower (i.e., the flower in full bloom on the same day) with pollinator to take a small amount of parent pollen light wipe the column head can be, in order to ensure the stoicity rate, can be repeated pollination. Pollination times are available from 8:00 to 11:00 and from 15:00 to 17:00. After the operation, hang up the card, indicating: parents this name, plant number, go male date, pollination date, pollination number, pollination (go male) people and other words, put on paper bags.
(vi) post-pollination management
the first few days after hybridization to check paper bags, such as shedding, fragmentation may occur outside the hybridization, these hybrid flowers will not be effective, should be re-made hybridization. A week or so later, the petals begin to fade, and as the young fruit grows older, the paper bags can be removed. in order for the young fruit to be fully developed, while preventing wind, birds and pests. The fruit is harvested in time after physiological maturity and the sturdy rate is checked.
note:
1. If different hybrid combinations are carried out in different areas of separation, special work clothes should be worn separately to prevent
pollination; The hybrid tool disinfects each combination with 75% alcohol cotton balls, killing residual pollen.
。