Heavyweight articlefocuses on new achievements in neuronal research in the human brain!

this article, the small editor compiled a number of heavy-weight articles, together focus on scientists in the field of human brain neuronresearch research achievements, share to everyone!
Photo Source: MPI f. . Metabolism Research. 1.
Neuron: Special pain-sensitive peptide neurons can make the body love high-fat foods doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.022 high-calorie, high-energy foods are available in modern society, a recent report published in the journal In a study published in the international journal Neuron, scientists from the Mark Planck Institute and others found that specific types of nerve cells in the brains of mice may boost their intake of high-fat foods, and that mice eat more high-fat foods if the so-called pain-sensitive peptide neurons in the hypothalamus are activated. Since the 1980s, the incidence of obesity and obesity-related diseases (
diabetes
and cardiovascular disease sane) has been on the rise in the global population, and researchers have used mice to study which types of nerve cells can control the body's excessive intake of high-calorie and high-energy foods, and for this purpose, the researchers fed mice a high-fat diet that was then closely monitored, researcher Alexander Jais said.later, in a series of experiments, the researchers selectively removed pain-sensitive peptide neurons from the thorace nucleus region of the hypothalamus in mice, so that the mice would not overeat a high-fat diet and their intake of normal foods would not be affected, and the pain-sensitive peptide neurons could specifically control the body's intake of high-fat foods. The researchers modified mice
genetic
, using light to control the activity of pain-sensitive peptide neurons in their hypothalamus, which activate scann excessive food in animals, and the activation of pain-sensitive peptide neurons inhibits the activity of specific neurons that regulate the body's satiety, leading to excessive food intake in mice.
: When damage is done, adult neurons return to the embryonic transcription growth state doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2200-5 In a new study, researchers at research institutions such as the University of California, San Diego, found that when the brain cells are damaged, they return to the embryonic state. They report that in this newly acquired immature state, these brain cells are able to regenerate new connections that, under the right conditions, may help restore lost function. The findings were published online April 15, 2020 in the journal Nature.repairing brain and spinal cord injuries may be the toughest challenge in the medical community. Until recently, this seemed an impossible task. The new study presents "a transcription almost possible road map for adult brain regeneration, and the researchers say that by using a range of excellent tools, such as modern neuroscience, molecular
genetic
s, virology, and computational power, we have been able to identify for the first time how a complete set of genes in adult brain cells reset themselves for regeneration." This gives us a new basic understanding of how regeneration occurs at the transcription level. "
Nature: The relationship between the effects of inflammatory small cells on neurons in the brain and individual behavioral disordersdoi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2174-3 New research from the University of Virginia School of Medicine suggests that failure to properly remove defective brain cells during neurodevelopment can lead to lifelong behavioral problems. The findings could also have important implications for a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and
Parkinson's
.neuroscientists at the University of Virginia have found an unexpected process of cell cleaning in the developing brain. If this process goes wrong, i.e. the cell is cleared too often or too low, it can lead to permanent changes in the brain's wiring. In laboratory studies, the authors found that abnormalities in the process in mice led to anxiety-like behavior, which may play a role in neurological disorders such as autism in humans. "We don't want genomic damage in brain cells. It is therefore necessary to expel these damaged cells from the central nervous system through some mechanism," explains the author Catherine R. Lammert. "When the damage is not identified, cells with DNA damage survive in CNS (central nervous system) and can be reflected in the accumulation of DNA damage in the brain."4)
Nature: Breakthrough! For the first time, the process by which tau protein, the culprit of neurodegenerative diseases, shuttles back and forth between neuronal cells! doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2156-5 in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases such as frontal lobe, tau protein is probably the biggest culprit, tau protein in brain cells, it can maintain the structure and stability of neurons, and help transport nutrients from one part of the cell to another. All changes when the tau protein is misfolded, becoming sticky and insoluble, constantly gathering and forming neurogenic fibrosis in neurons, destroying the function of neurons and causing the cells to eventually die, and worse, only a relatively small amount of misfolded tau protein in neuronal cells can kill the brain cells that die from a programming disorder in nearby cells. , scientists from the University of California and other institutions have uncovered the molecular mechanisms of tau proteins moving back and forth between neuronal cells, , revealing not only the spread of tau proteins in neurodegenerative diseases that scientists have studied extensively, but also provide new ideas and hopes for effectively controlling the production of pathological tau proteins.researcher Kosik says the mechanism by which tau proteins travel back and forth between cells or provide a clue to help us develop new ways to effectively block the spread of tau proteins, and one of the essential "players" in the process of shut-down tau proteins is a low-density lipoprotein called LRP1(low density lipoprotein-with-stock protein 1), located on the meningococy membranes, which are primarily involved in a variety of biological processes in the body, as well as to help neurons intake cholesterol.
Sci Adv: "Zombie" brain cells orcan develop into "working neurons" doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz7238 in a recent study published in the international journal Science Advances, scientists from institutions such as the Francis Crick Institute found that preventing the death of neurons during brain growth means that these "zombie" cells can develop into functional neurons. During brain development, a large number of neurons self-sabotage as a necessary regulatory mechanism for removing excess cells, in specific areas of the brain,
apoptosis
(cell suicide) affects the function of about 50 percent of neurons;researchers who performed
genetic
inhibition of the final stages of apoptosis of neurons in the fruit fly's olfactory system, found that the rescued zombie cells developed known as functional olfactory neuronal cells to help fruit flies detect their olfactory, however, these zombie neurons express different olfactory receptors than the standard same cells, such as some of the olfactory receptors found in the jaws of the olfactory organ. Zombie cells have receptors that detect carbon dioxide, a clue that insects can use to sense the presence of animals or humans (which can absorb carbon dioxide when they breathe); these additional neurons also give fruit flies a similar characteristic to the Gambian mosquito, but unlike fruit flies, the Gambian jaws contain carbon dioxide-aware olfactory neurons. The two species have a common ancestor that lived about 250 million years ago.
Picture Source: Public Domain. 6.
Neuron: The coping strategies of neurons under social pressuredoi: 10.1016/j..2020.01.033 in response to stress, individuals exhibit different coping styles, each accompanied by a series of behavioral, physical, and psychological responses. Positive behavior style refers to efforts to suppress the effects from stressors and are associated with stress resistance, and negative behavior style refers to efforts to avoid facing stressors and is associated with psychopathological "vulnerability". The question is also known as "fight or escape". However, the biological basis behind this behavioral choice is not clearly revealed.recently, a team led by Professor Zhou Jiangning of the Chinese Academy of Sciences found that in the event of external danger, prefrontal adrenal corticosteroid release factor (CRF) neurons are recruited, which further regulates the body's behavioral choices against dangerous situations. The results, published in the recent journal Neuron, looked at how CRF neurons in genetically modified mice regulate the choice of behavior in a variety of stress strains using
genetic
tools mediated by invivite calcium imaging and targeted virus-oriented cells.
Cell Stem Cell: Neural
Stem
"garbage collection" system helps neuronregenerationdoi: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.01.018 A new study by scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Madison reveals how cell fibers help nerve
stem cells
remove damaged and clumped proteins, and ultimately promote the production of new neurons, the results of the recent journal Cell Cell.researchers say that in the long run, we hope to be able to induce endogenous nerve
stem cells
to help
tissue regeneration after stroke
or other types of neuropathy. "In the mouse model, the team found a cell fiber called a wave protein, a key component of the neural stem cell protein management system. They found that wave proteins were able to be removed by importing groups of damaged proteins into proteases. Previous studies have shown that neural
stem cells
accumulate damaged proteins during aging or when they are exposed to toxic chemicals during aging or sleep.
Science: In neuronal protrusions, mononucleosis preferred translation of synaptic mRNA doi: 10.1126/science.aay4991RNA sequencing and in situ hybridization reveal an unexpected large number of RNA species in neuronal dendriticandanda, and many studies have documented local translations in these protein chambers. During the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA), multiple ribosomes can simultaneously occupy a single mRNA (a complex called polyrimoney), resulting in multiple copies of the encoded protein. Polynucleoids are usually identified in electron microscope images as a rnayscogenous cluster of three or more ribosomes. Polyglycerides have been detected in neuronal dendritics, but it is surprising that polyglycerides are not common given the mRNA diversity present in dendritic and axons. In neuronal protrusions (neuronal processes, divided into dendritic and axons), the characteristics and mechanisms of translation have not been discussed in detail, in part because of the relative lysing and axons that are relatively inaccessible. In a new study , researchers from the Max Planck Brain Institute in Germany looked at how a diverse set of neuronal proteins could be synthesized by a limited number of polyricosomes present in smaller synapses. The findings, published in the January 31, 2020 issue of The Journal of Science, positionmRNAs and ribosomes near synapses to produce proteins locally, in order to adapt to the complex patterns of neurons. However, the relative scarcity of polyrisosomes (active sites of protein translation) detected in electron microscope images of neuronal protrusions indicates that the ability to synthesize local proteins is rather limited. To visualize the ability to produce local proteins in the body, the researchers analyzed actively translated mRNAs in neuronal protrusions in the hippocampus of rodents.9:
Cell: Heavyweight! Scientists have succeeded in mapping all the proteins on the surface of neuronal cells! : 10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.029 , scientists from the Howard Hughes Institute of Medicine and others have developed a new way to focus on proteins covered on the surface of specific cells, which may help clarify how brain cells form a fine network as the body develops. It's like sending a small web of tiny nets that researchers can now use to collect all the proteins on the surface of neurons in the fruit fly's brain, and they've found 20 new molecules that can participate in the development of neural connections in the brain.related findings may help researchers understand the molecular machines in which neurons form complex networks in the brain.