Great contribution in 2019: those breakthrough research interpretations that break the textbook challenge routine!

The theoretical knowledge in many textbooks and the traditional viewpoints in daily life are only limited to the research results of current scientists However, as time goes on, scientific research is constantly developing, and some new research results will emerge in an endless stream The viewpoints in many textbooks will also be covered and updated, and many traditional cognition will be replaced So what are the breakthrough research results breaking textbooks or challenging traditional cognition in 2019? In this paper, the editor has screened and sorted out the relevant research in 2019 and shared them with you! Photo source: ifpnews.com [1] cell stem cell: challenge the routine! OCT 4, which was supposed to be crucial in iPS cell construction, does not actually need doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.10.002 since 2006, Japanese scientist Shinya Yamanaka, now head of iPS cell research and Application Center, Kyoto University, Japan, has found a way to guide fully differentiated cells back to pluripotent state Since then, scientists have been using his formula to produce induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells, iPSCs) This approach relies on overexpression of the so-called Yamanaka factor, four transcription factors: Oct4, Sox2, KLF4, and cmyc (collectively referred to as oskm) Although this technology has reliably produced iPS cells (hereinafter referred to as oskm iPS cells), it may cause unexpected effects, some of which may lead to cell carcinogenesis As a result, efforts have been made to adjust the formula and understand the function of each mountain factor In a new study, the researchers repeated the experiment several times, using different combinations of the four transcription factors to modify the vector SKM can induce the pluripotency of mouse embryonic fibroblasts, the induction efficiency is about 30% of oskm, but the iPS cells produced by SKM are of higher quality, which means that these researchers have not observed the evidence of the existence of common epigenetic effect of Miss target, and the relevant research results are published in the journal Cell stem cell Efficiency is not important, the researchers say Efficiency means how many cell colonies can be obtained If the quality of bacterial colonies is low, the chance of canceration of the final differentiated cells is very high The researchers conducted a final test, the tetraploid complement assay, in which iPS cells gather with early embryos, otherwise they would not be able to form fully functional embryos on their own These embryos grow into mouse pups, which means the iPS cells they build can differentiate every cell in this animal 【2】 Nature: challenge the routine! New research reveals that the cortex is the control center of our cognitive process, which can make the progenitor cells in the cortex rejuvenate doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1515-6 During embryogenesis, dozens of neurons with different functions gather to form neural circuits that drive our thoughts and behaviors These neurons are produced by progenitors, which in turn produce them in a very precise order Although neuroscience textbooks establish the irreversible nature of this specialization, in a new study, researchers from the University of Geneva (unige), Switzerland, now provide the opposite evidence In fact, when progenitor cells are transplanted into the embryo of a young mouse, they restore their old skills and youth (or rejuvenate) By revealing an unexpected plasticity of progenitor cells, they reveal how the brain constructs itself In the long run, these results open up a new perspective for the regeneration of damaged cortical circuits, and the relevant research results are published in the Nature journal The neural circuits in the cerebral cortex are the basis of our ability to understand and interact with the world Therefore, the diversity of cortical neurons and their circuits determine the diversity of our thoughts and behaviors to some extent But how do these neurons come into being? In mice, on each embryonic day, the progenitor cells produce specific types of neurons, which are then transferred to another neuron type the next day Studies conducted in the 1990s showed that this progress was accompanied by capacity constraints, as if in order to move on, progenitors had to forget how to produce the previous neuron types 【3】 Cell: challenge the routine! Delaying metabolism can prevent the harmful gene mutation doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.06.023 in a new study, researchers from Northwestern University in the United States found that the metabolic rate of mutant fruit flies was reduced by 50%, and the expected harmful effects of many mutations they carried never showed up After testing many different gene mutations in these flies, they found the same results every time, and the results were published in the journal Cell When these mutant flies develop at a normal metabolic rate, developmental problems arise, the researchers say When we reduce their metabolic rate, developmental problems disappear They grow slower and grow slower, but they are normal animals This leads to all the patterns we know about development We always think that if we "destroy" some genes, it will have serious developmental consequences It turns out that this is not true for some genes - as long as you also slow down the metabolism of growing organisms 【4】 NEJM: break the rules! The study found that "up" systolic blood pressure and "down" diastolic blood pressure predicted the risk of heart attack or stroke, respectively Doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1803180 a study published in NEJM Journal showed the opposite results compared with previous decades: the "up" systolic blood pressure and "down" diastolic blood pressure in blood pressure readings predicted the risk of heart attack or stroke, respectively Previous studies have shown that high systolic blood pressure is more likely to cause adverse outcomes than diastolic blood pressure This study provides a lot of data for a basic question, and gives such a clear answer No matter what method you use to analyze data, systolic and diastolic blood pressure are very important The current retrospective study is "the largest of its kind so far" He reviewed 36 million ambulatory blood pressure readings conducted by 1.3 million adult members of Kaiser medical institution in Northern California between 2007 and 2016 Systolic blood pressure - the upper limit of blood pressure readings - measures the hardness of the heart pumping blood into the arteries Diastolic pressure - the number at the bottom - is the pressure the heart puts on the arteries when it rests between beats Photo source: University of Michigan Rogel cancer center [5] nature: challenge the routine! In a new study, researchers from the Roger cancer center at the University of Michigan found that FoxA1 gene has three different ways to subvert normal biological rules to drive prostate cancer They call these three types fast, furious and loud to reflect their unique characteristics, and the relevant research results are published in Nature journal We found that the same gene was transformed into a cancer gene in three different ways, the researchers said The first type is rapid movement in the nucleus, the second type is crazy binding to chromatin, and the third type is expanding to its own voice These three different changes have different clinical significance for patients The first mutation is called fast They cause the transcription factor to move faster in DNA, allowing its chaperone androgen receptor to activate oncogene expression Imagine the driver driving at high speed These mutations are found in early prostate cancer and may be the cause of the disease 【6】 PLoS Genetics: break the rules! Thrombin can degrade nerve cells! Doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007948 researchers from the Sark Institute of biology accidentally found that thrombin can degrade nerves and also uncover the protective mechanism of glial cells (including Schwann cells) supporting nerves, which was published in PLoS On genetics, the study found that Schwann cells can protect nerve cells by inhibiting clotting proteins and other damaging enzymes released by muscle cells This work has an important impact on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia and other diseases This is the first discovery that thrombin, a coagulation related protein, plays an important role outside the liver system and in the neurodegradation process We further found that Schwann cells can fight thrombin to protect nerves, the researchers said These results are totally unexpected and pose interesting questions for the formation and maintenance of synapses in healthy and diseased states 【7】 Science: challenge the routine! We found that the second primary visual cortex doi: 10.1126/science.aau7052 visual system is probably the most easily understood part of the brain Over the past 75 years, neuroscientists have detailed how light waves entering your eyes allow you to recognize your grandmother's face, track flying eagles, or read this sentence But in a new study, researchers from the University of California, San Francisco, question a fundamental aspect of visual science, pointing out that even the brain part that gets the best research will still have many surprises, and the results are published in the journal Science According to the standard theoretical model of visual processing, all visual information from the retina must first extract simple features, such as lines and edges, through the primary visual cortex (V1) at the back of the brain, and then transmit them to many "higher-order" visual areas to extract more complex features, such as shape, shadow and motion 【8】 Nature: challenge the routine! In a sensational new study, researchers from the University of Copenhagen in Denmark and other research institutions refuted the traditional view of stem cell production They concluded that all cells in the fetal gut have the potential to develop into stem cells They revealed that the fate of intestinal cells is not predetermined, but determined by the surrounding environment of these cells This new knowledge may make it easy for people to manipulate stem cells for stem cell therapy, and relevant research results are published in Nature journal We used to think that the potential for cells to become stem cells was predetermined, but our new results show that all immature cells have the same probability of becoming stem cells in fully developed organs, the researchers said In principle, it's just a matter of being in the right place at the right time Signals from their surroundings determine their fate If we can identify the signals necessary for immature cells to develop into stem cells, we will be more likely to manipulate the cells in the required direction Throughout life, the body's organs are maintained by stem cells, which can also repair tiny tissue damage Therefore, a better understanding of the factors that determine whether immature cells develop into stem cells may be able to be used to develop stem cells for treatment and transplantation Photo source: Nature