Great contribution in 2019: innovative research results of cancer detection!

By the end of the year, 2019 is coming to an end, and we will be greeted by a brand-new 2020 In the coming 2019, scientists have made a number of important research results in the field of cancer detection In this paper, the editor will sort out and share with you the heavyweight research results in the field of cancer detection this year! Photo source: cc0 public domain [1] JACS: Micro DNA detector can improve the accuracy of cancer detection doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b05598 recently, an International Journal of the American Chemical In the Research Report on society, researchers from Duke University found that a new kind of micro circuit made of DNA can identify cancer cells through the molecular characteristics on its surface In this paper, the researchers formed a simple circuit through the interaction of synthetic DNA chains, which are tens of thousands of times thinner than human hair Unlike the circuits in a computer, these circuits show specific high expression molecular markers by attaching to the outside of the cell and analyzing the cell If the circuit finds the target, it emits a small glowing "tag." Because the device can distinguish cell types with higher specificity than previous methods, researchers hope that their work can improve diagnosis and provide better targets for cancer treatment; similar technologies have been used to detect cancer before, but they are more prone to generate error information When a cell mixture contains one or more target proteins targeted by DNA detectors, false recognition occurs 【2】 SCI transl Med: scientists have developed a new blood detection technology for cancer based on the size of DNA fragments doi: 10.1126/scitraslmed.aat4921, a research report published in the international journal Science Translational Medicine, scientists from the United Kingdom, Denmark, Poland, the Netherlands and Switzerland through the circulation of tumors in the blood stream In this paper, the researchers describe how to apply this new technology in different types of cancer Researcher Ellen Heitzer pointed out that human blood contains many small DNA fragments, most of which are white blood cells, but sometimes other molecules will be introduced, such as DNA from fetal body in the blood of pregnant women, or DNA fragments from cancerous cells in the body According to the researchers, DNA from tumors is different in size from other types of DNA in the blood, tumors The size of DNA fragments is usually smaller than that of other DNA fragments 【3】 Nat commun: scientists have developed a new diagnostic technique for distinguishing malignant tumors doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12570-2, published in the international journal Nature In the Research Report on communications, scientists from institutions such as Karolin college in Sweden have developed a new and cheap method to identify highly heterogeneous tumors that tend to be malignant, which may need active treatment and response The common characteristic of cancer cells is the change of gene copy numbers (CNAs) in chromosomes or genomes In the same tumor, cells belonging to different structural parts of the tumor carry different CNAs Tumors carrying more CNAs tend to be more aggressive, that is to say, the patients have been treated strictly, and such tumors will come back to life In this study, researchers developed a new genomic method called cutseq, which can evaluate and analyze the levels and types of CNAs in different parts of the same tumor at a lower cost than the existing technology 【4】 Neoplasia: urinary biomarkers contribute to the diagnosis of non-invasive prostate cancer doi: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.07.010 recently, nallasivam, associate researcher, vattikuti Institute of Urology A study led by Dr palanisamy has shown that a gene encoding a protein called KLK4 and another pseudogene called KLKP1 "fuse" during the development of prostate cancer This unique biomarker can be detected in urine samples of prostate cancer patients, thus providing a non-invasive detection method At present, prostate specific antigen (PSA) is used as a standard screening method for prostate cancer However, elevated PSA levels are not unique to prostate cancer They may also be caused by benign prostate disease Therefore, in order to confirm the diagnosis, when PSA test results are positive, patients need to undergo further in vivo examination, which may sometimes lead to the risk of bleeding and infection In this regard, the findings of this study may provide a more accurate and reliable method for the diagnosis of prostate cancer 【5】 JAMA network open: breakthrough! The new artificial intelligence system may be superior to the clinicians in the accurate diagnosis of breast cancer! Doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.8777 recently, in a research report published in the international journal JAMA network open, scientists from the University of California developed an artificial intelligence system through research, which may help pathologists more accurately read the results of biopsy and better detect and diagnose breast cancer This new system can help explain the medical imaging results for the diagnosis of breast cancer (human eyes can not effectively distinguish), and it can almost exactly diagnose breast cancer like an experienced pathologist Researcher JoAnn Elmore said that it is very important to get the correct diagnosis from the beginning, so as to help us make the most effective diagnosis and treatment for patients; in 2015, researchers found that there are many inconsistent ideas among pathologists on the interpretation of breast cancer biopsy results, and millions of women will receive breast biopsy every year; early research The results showed that one out of every six women with ductal carcinoma in situ, a non-invasive form of breast cancer, had a false diagnosis, and about half of the cases of breast heterotypic biopsies (abnormal cells associated with high-risk breast cancer) had a false diagnosis Photo source: Yale University [6] science sub Journal: new ctDNA blood test can significantly improve the diagnosis of breast cancer doi: 10.1126/scitraslmed.aax7392 in a new study, in order to solve this problem and improve the detection sensitivity of trace residual tumor DNA in plasma, we come from Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A Researchers at the Institute and other institutions have developed a method called targeted digital sequencing (Tardis) for multiple analysis of patient-specific cancer mutations In the reference sample, by analyzing 8 to 16 known mutations at the same time, Tardis achieved 91% and 53% sensitivity respectively when the mutation allele fraction was 0.03% and 0.003%, and its detection specificity was 96% Relevant research results were published in the Journal of Science Translational Medicine In 80 plasma samples from 33 women with stage I to III breast cancer, the researchers successfully analyzed up to 115 mutations per patient Before treatment, Tardis detected ctDNA (median allele score 0.11%) in all patients After completion of the new adjuvant therapy, ctDNA concentration of patients who achieved complete remission was lower than that of patients with residual diseases (median allele scores were 0.003% and 0.017%, respectively, P = 0.0057, AUC = 0.83) In addition, patients with complete remission showed a greater decrease in ctDNA concentration during neoadjuvant therapy 【7】 JNCI: a new non-invasive detection technology is expected to accurately diagnose prostate cancer! Doi: 10.1093/jnci/djz112 recently, in a research report published in the International Journal of the National Cancer Institute, scientists from the University of California and other institutions identified a new biomarker in urine through research , which may help to detect malignant prostate cancer The relevant research results are expected to help scientists clarify the pathogenesis of malignant prostate cancer and develop new anti-cancer therapies Prostate cancer is very easy to diagnose, but it is difficult for researchers to divide cancer patients into different risk groups The current methods (including PSA detection and biopsy) often have high error rate, and often lead to serious complications, such as fatal infection, etc., while the specific biomarkers in urine Detection is a non-invasive method, which can accurately help to distinguish between slow-growing prostate cancer and potentially fatal prostate cancer 【8】 Nat Med: using artificial intelligence to accurately diagnose lung cancer, the accuracy rate is as high as 94% Doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0447-x in a new study, the cooperation between software engineers and clinical researchers has produced an artificial intelligence program, which uses images to predict who will suffer from lung cancer, the accuracy rate is 94% The team found that the algorithm was as accurate as a radiologist's multiple computed tomography (CT) scans of the same person to screen for cancer, and that when it can only get one scan from one person, it performs better than a doctor, with the results published in the journal Nature Medicine The researchers said the technology developed by these people will greatly improve the accuracy of screening A previous study conducted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) on smokers for lung cancer screening has found that the early symptoms of the disease can reduce the death rate by about 20% through CT scanning, but procedures such as biopsy lead to some false-positive people in CT scanning Death (NEJM, 2011, DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1102873) To see if artificial intelligence (AI) can enhance radiologists' accuracy in analyzing CT scans, the team fed thousands of CT scans from early NIH studies into Google's computers, along with the patient's later diagnosis 【9】 Cell Rep: new technology may help improve the diagnosis and treatment of malignant metastatic brain cancer doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.085 recently, scientists from Yale University developed a new tool to analyze how cancer cells are changed in the process of diffusion or metastasis to the brain Relevant research is published in the international journal Cell The results of this study are expected to help researchers develop new methods to improve the early diagnosis and treatment of metastatic brain cancer Now the incidence of brain is increasing and the treatment that patients can receive is very limited, researcher don Nguyen said, once the tumor is transferred to the brain, most of the drug therapy will become ineffective, which seems to be a very difficult problem, because at present, many drugs are unable to enter the brain to play a role In this study, the researchers used the xenograft model of cancer metastasis, in which tumor cells can be transferred to mice without immune system Then the researchers developed a new system, which can sequence extremely accurate RNA of xenograft tissue samples, so as to detect human tumor cells and mouse fine