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Click on the blue word to follow our large number of genome-wide association analyses and found that there are a large number of susceptible genes and susceptibility sites that are associated with depression.
The existence of these genes will greatly increase the risk of illness.
This is the classic way that depression can be passed on to offspring through genetic factors.
The emergence of epigenetics in recent years has made the genetic factors of depression more confusing.
They believe that environmental factors such as parental lifestyle and experience are passed on to offspring through epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA.
What's more interesting is that the milk tea we eat every day, the air we breathe, the string in the middle of the night, and mood swings may all be engraved in the germ cells and affect offspring.
This is also intergenerational inheritance.
The highly enriched non-coding small RNAs in sperm can be used as a carrier of epigenetic information to inherit the phenotypic changes of the parent under environmental stimuli to the offspring.
On February 10, 2021, Chen Xi, Zhu Jingning, and Zhang Chenyu of the School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University and the State Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology published an article in Science Advances to update the new posture of depression inheritance-intergenerational inheritance can be achieved through small RNA in sperm.
The researchers used the chronic unpredictable stress (CUMS) model to induce adult male mice to show depression-like behaviors, and then mate these depressed male mice (DF0) with untreated female mice, and the offspring of reproduction are called For the depression generation (DF1).
However, these DF1 male mice do not show depression-like behavior under normal circumstances, but these DF1 mice show obvious depression-like behavior under moderate stress.
The offspring of untreated male mice will not develop depression-like behavior disorders even if they experience the same moderate stress.
These results indicate that DF1 mice are prone to depression under external stimuli, indicating that depression-like behavior does indeed have intergenerational inheritance in depression animal models.
Changes in synaptic plasticity are the key mechanism for the onset of depression.
The researchers found that the spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of DF0 mice were significantly reduced, indicating that there is a disorder in synaptic function.
This dysfunction also occurs in DF1 mice undergoing moderate stress.
Neuronal activity in the hippocampus of depressed mice and their offspring decreased.
On the other hand, the neuronal activity of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of DF0 and DF1 mice also decreased.
In addition, the down-regulation of synaptic plasticity-related genes such as glutamate signaling moleculesαCamKII, βCamKII and AMPA receptor subunits GluA1 and GluA2 in these brain regions of DF0 mice can also be almost completely copied and pasted into DF1 mice after stress.
These results further indicate that DF1 mice can pass on the defective characterization of depression to the next generation.
Surprisingly, the depressive phenotype of DF1 mice will not continue to be passed on to the next generation, which means that there is intergenerational inheritance between depressed mice, but there is no intergenerational inheritance.
Transplanting sperm from depressed mice into the uterus of normal mice.
Sperm RNA is a remnant of sperm formation and may mediate the above-mentioned intergenerational genetic phenomenon.
The researchers extracted the sperm RNA from DF0 mice, injected them into fertilized eggs in vitro, and transplanted them into the uterus of female mice without any treatment.
They found that these offspring mice showed obvious signs under moderate stress.
Depressive behavior.
This indicates that sperm RNA is the key carrier for passing the depressive phenotype from parent to offspring.
There are a large number of non-coding small RNAs in higher organisms, which form a highly complex RNA regulatory network in cells.
The researchers further screened out RNAs (small RNAs) less than 200 nt from the total RNA of sperm of DF0 mice, and transplanted these small RNAs into the uterus of female mice without any treatment using the same method.
The offspring of these mice After experiencing stress, it is more likely to show depression-like behavior. A variety of non-coding small RNAs are expressed in mammalian sperm cells, including tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) and rRNA-derived small RNAs (rsRNAs), piRNAs that interact with Piwi protein, and microRNAs (miRNA).
Through high-throughput sequencing technology, it was found that the expression level of miRNA in sperm of DF0 mice changed significantly.
Subsequently, the researchers selected 13 miRNAs that were significantly up-regulated to construct mimics, mixed them and injected them into fertilized eggs.
The intergenerational genetic phenomenon of depression that appeared in DF1 mice could also be observed in the offspring of mice.
These results further confirm that sperm miRNAs in depression mice mediate intergenerational inheritance.
In general, this article found that miRNAs in sperm play a key role in the process of inheriting the depressive phenotype from the parent to the offspring, which provides a newer understanding of the genetic pathogenesis of depression.
[References] 1.
Sperm microRNAs confer depression susceptibility to offspring The pictures in the article are all from the references
The existence of these genes will greatly increase the risk of illness.
This is the classic way that depression can be passed on to offspring through genetic factors.
The emergence of epigenetics in recent years has made the genetic factors of depression more confusing.
They believe that environmental factors such as parental lifestyle and experience are passed on to offspring through epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA.
What's more interesting is that the milk tea we eat every day, the air we breathe, the string in the middle of the night, and mood swings may all be engraved in the germ cells and affect offspring.
This is also intergenerational inheritance.
The highly enriched non-coding small RNAs in sperm can be used as a carrier of epigenetic information to inherit the phenotypic changes of the parent under environmental stimuli to the offspring.
On February 10, 2021, Chen Xi, Zhu Jingning, and Zhang Chenyu of the School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University and the State Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology published an article in Science Advances to update the new posture of depression inheritance-intergenerational inheritance can be achieved through small RNA in sperm.
The researchers used the chronic unpredictable stress (CUMS) model to induce adult male mice to show depression-like behaviors, and then mate these depressed male mice (DF0) with untreated female mice, and the offspring of reproduction are called For the depression generation (DF1).
However, these DF1 male mice do not show depression-like behavior under normal circumstances, but these DF1 mice show obvious depression-like behavior under moderate stress.
The offspring of untreated male mice will not develop depression-like behavior disorders even if they experience the same moderate stress.
These results indicate that DF1 mice are prone to depression under external stimuli, indicating that depression-like behavior does indeed have intergenerational inheritance in depression animal models.
Changes in synaptic plasticity are the key mechanism for the onset of depression.
The researchers found that the spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of DF0 mice were significantly reduced, indicating that there is a disorder in synaptic function.
This dysfunction also occurs in DF1 mice undergoing moderate stress.
Neuronal activity in the hippocampus of depressed mice and their offspring decreased.
On the other hand, the neuronal activity of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of DF0 and DF1 mice also decreased.
In addition, the down-regulation of synaptic plasticity-related genes such as glutamate signaling moleculesαCamKII, βCamKII and AMPA receptor subunits GluA1 and GluA2 in these brain regions of DF0 mice can also be almost completely copied and pasted into DF1 mice after stress.
These results further indicate that DF1 mice can pass on the defective characterization of depression to the next generation.
Surprisingly, the depressive phenotype of DF1 mice will not continue to be passed on to the next generation, which means that there is intergenerational inheritance between depressed mice, but there is no intergenerational inheritance.
Transplanting sperm from depressed mice into the uterus of normal mice.
Sperm RNA is a remnant of sperm formation and may mediate the above-mentioned intergenerational genetic phenomenon.
The researchers extracted the sperm RNA from DF0 mice, injected them into fertilized eggs in vitro, and transplanted them into the uterus of female mice without any treatment.
They found that these offspring mice showed obvious signs under moderate stress.
Depressive behavior.
This indicates that sperm RNA is the key carrier for passing the depressive phenotype from parent to offspring.
There are a large number of non-coding small RNAs in higher organisms, which form a highly complex RNA regulatory network in cells.
The researchers further screened out RNAs (small RNAs) less than 200 nt from the total RNA of sperm of DF0 mice, and transplanted these small RNAs into the uterus of female mice without any treatment using the same method.
The offspring of these mice After experiencing stress, it is more likely to show depression-like behavior. A variety of non-coding small RNAs are expressed in mammalian sperm cells, including tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) and rRNA-derived small RNAs (rsRNAs), piRNAs that interact with Piwi protein, and microRNAs (miRNA).
Through high-throughput sequencing technology, it was found that the expression level of miRNA in sperm of DF0 mice changed significantly.
Subsequently, the researchers selected 13 miRNAs that were significantly up-regulated to construct mimics, mixed them and injected them into fertilized eggs.
The intergenerational genetic phenomenon of depression that appeared in DF1 mice could also be observed in the offspring of mice.
These results further confirm that sperm miRNAs in depression mice mediate intergenerational inheritance.
In general, this article found that miRNAs in sperm play a key role in the process of inheriting the depressive phenotype from the parent to the offspring, which provides a newer understanding of the genetic pathogenesis of depression.
[References] 1.
Sperm microRNAs confer depression susceptibility to offspring The pictures in the article are all from the references
