Feed safety in China: current situation, causes and Countermeasures

Introduction: the price of domestic secondary soybean oil market on March 3 slightly declined China Agricultural Economy Research Center, Ministry of agriculture, Song Hongyuan, Zhao Changbao YQQ [Abstract] the so-called feed safety generally refers to the fact that feed products (including feed and feed additives) do not contain toxic and harmful substances or factors that cause actual harm to the health of animals and will not remain, accumulate and transfer in animal products; feed products and animal products produced by using feed products will not harm human health or human living environment Negative impact At present, the problem of feed safety in China is the result of many factors From the appearance, the profit motive of producers, operators and users, as well as various intentional or unintentional irregular behaviors, are the direct causes of the quality and safety problems of feed products in China at this stage But further analysis can find that, in the current basic work of feed product research, in the development mode of feed industry and related industries, as well as in the management system and management means, there are a series of problems, which objectively contribute to the feed safety problem YQQ 3 Analysis of the causes of feed safety problems the current feed safety problems in China are the result of many factors From the appearance, the profit motive of producers, operators and users, as well as various intentional or unintentional irregular behaviors, are the direct causes of the quality and safety problems of feed products in China at this stage But further analysis can find that, in the current basic work of feed product research, in the development mode of feed industry and related industries, as well as in the management system and management means, there are a series of problems, which objectively contribute to the feed safety problem The link of scientific research and technology promotion is weak, and the development of feed industry and breeding industry lacks sufficient technical support The level of science and technology is the technical basis to ensure feed safety On the one hand, the development of feed industry requires relevant research work to be followed up in time, otherwise it will inevitably produce new safety hazards; on the other hand, in the process of development, production, operation and use of feed products, there is also a need for corresponding technical guarantee, and any loophole in any link will bring hidden dangers to feed safety But at present, there are still some problems in feed research system, research work, technology promotion and service, which restrict the development of feed safety work First of all, some new technical problems in the development of feed industry have not been solved In recent years, more and more new materials and processes have been adopted by feed industry, which not only promotes the development of feed industry in China, but also poses new challenges to feed safety China's feed scientific research level is relatively low, and the overall technical level of the industry is far behind the international level, especially for the high-tech research represented by bioengineering and information technology At present, the impact of transgenic crops and their by-products on animal health and animal product safety, the harm of antibiotics, hormones and diazepam residues in feed to human body, and the safety of animal feed are a series of issues that have been debated by government departments and academia Without more in-depth analysis and Research on these new problems, it is impossible to overcome the possible security problems Secondly, the scientific research system is not suitable for the development of feed industry Due to the limitation of development level, most of feed enterprises in our country have not strong scientific research ability; at the same time, because the reform of scientific research system is relatively backward, the development of feed industry is also difficult to get enough external support For a long time, most of the feed research institutions in China are concentrated in agricultural research institutes and agricultural colleges and universities Almost every province (autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government) has similar feed research institutions As a result of this division of departments and regions, first, scientific research funds and researchers are highly dispersed, which reduces the efficiency of scientific research; second, scientific research is divorced from production and market, which not only prevents many scientific research achievements from being effectively transformed, but also prevents feed production enterprises from meeting their needs in improving product quality, production process and management level 。 Third, it is difficult to give full play to the functions of technology promotion and service system From the aspect of feed consumption: farms and farmers, the promotion of animal husbandry technology and the construction of veterinary service system in rural areas need to be strengthened urgently For a long time, the scientific and technological personnel of animal husbandry have settled in grassland station, animal husbandry station and animal breeding and improvement station, and the aging of professional knowledge is a common phenomenon; the veterinary epidemic prevention personnel and corresponding instruments and equipment at township and village levels are quite lacking, and the overall service ability is not strong In this case, the majority of farmers in rural areas are difficult to get guidance and services in terms of breeding technology and feed safety use, and it is inevitable that there are safety problems in the use of feed YQQ 2 The situation of disordered competition of production enterprises has not changed, and the internal power of enterprises to improve product quality is insufficient Since the early 1990s, with the rapid development of China's animal husbandry and the further acceleration of the pace of national reform and opening up, feed enterprises have sprung up rapidly all over the country, and the market competition has become increasingly fierce However, due to the rapid growth of the number of enterprises, the complexity of economic composition, the small scale of most feed processing enterprises, the low level of technology and management, and the imperfect system of laws and regulations, the feed market in general is in a state of disordered competition By the end of YQQ 2001, the total number of feed processing enterprises in China has reached 11905, among which the feed output of 20 enterprise groups, such as Zhengda Group and hope group, accounts for about 30% of the total feed production in China, while the total feed output of the rest enterprises accounting for more than 99% of the total feed output is less than 70% of the total feed output in China The United States, which ranks first in feed production in the world, only has more than 300 feed processing enterprises; the feed production is equivalent to 45% of that of France, but the number of feed enterprises is less than 3% of that of China Since the end of the 20th century, YQQ has entered the era of low profit because of the relative surplus of livestock products and the continuous low price In order to compete for the feed market, some feed enterprises use the characteristics of not strict feed monitoring and incomplete professional knowledge of rural farmers, low-cost operation, even deceptive production and sales, which greatly disrupts the order of feed market In recent years, with the continuous strengthening of national consolidation, the market order has improved, but the disordered competition is still very serious From the perspective of information economics, it is believed that in the industries with low monopoly, too many production enterprises and low profit margin, and difficult exit of production factors, the "lemon market" phenomenon is easy to appear, that is, when the seller has more information on product quality than the buyer, the low-quality products will expel the high-quality products and make the product quality in the market continue to decline China's feed industry has met the basic conditions for the formation of "lemon market" Feed industry is an industry with strong asset specificity, and it is difficult for production equipment to turn to other purposes, so even in the fierce market competition, many operators have to continue to maintain production After the profit level is reduced to a certain extent, the product quality is degraded because the operators try their best to reduce the cost YQQ 3 The disconnection of production, circulation and consumption increases the risk of feed safety In recent years, feed production enterprises, breeding enterprises and food processing enterprises have joined hands to explore the market, which has become the development trend of the international feed industry For example, the feed output of the United States in 1998 was 130 million tons, of which 85 million tons were produced by feed production and industrial chain enterprises using together, while the pure commercial feed was only half of the former But in China, this trend is not obvious In addition to a few large-scale feed production enterprises with their own marketing network and high degree of industrial operation, the vast majority of feed products produced by enterprises directly enter various markets, and the production, circulation and consumption links are not combined into a complete industrial chain The influence of production, circulation and consumption disjointed on feed safety is shown in at least three aspects: ① in the fierce market competition, in order to win dealers and maintain market share, the production enterprises have to transfer part of profits to the middle link, so that not only the production cost will be further increased, the profit level will be further reduced, but also the possibility of product quality decline will be further increased Big ② The more business links, the greater the probability of safety problems of feed products In recent years, the quality problems of feed products in the process of transportation, storage, sub packaging and sales are not uncommon ③ The main body of circulation operation is diverse, and the cultural quality and professional quality of employees are quite different Many operators can not fully grasp the technical indicators, specificity and use specifications of feed products, so the technical information of feed products will inevitably appear deviation in the process of transmission to consumers Moreover, because the operators of feed products themselves are also for the purpose of profit, some operators conceal or exaggerate product information, mislead or deceive consumers, which is also an objective phenomenon in the circulation link YQQ 4 The production mode of breeding industry, which is mainly based on the scattered cultivation of farmers, has increased the difficulty of technical service and supervision and management Decentralized breeding is the main mode of aquaculture production in China The first mock exam has a long tradition in China, which is in line with China's resource conditions and at the same time, it is also suitable for the level of rural economic development in China at this stage First of all, decentralized farming can make full use of straw, wheat straw and other farm fodder, reduce feed grain and save resources; second, it can provide a lot of farm manure, improve the soil, reduce the production cost of planting industry, and promote the virtuous cycle of agricultural production; third, compared with large-scale farms, it can more resist the market fluctuation of livestock products; fourth, it can effectively promote farmers' income The growth of income, especially cash Since the reform, the rapid growth of animal husbandry in China is closely related to the development of household breeding From the perspective of the impact on feed safety, decentralized culture also has its positive side At present, our country's decentralized feeding mainly uses cheap labor and unconventional feed, and uses little compound feed If we do not consider the problem of production efficiency, the use of feed products is small, and the probability of feed safety problems will naturally decrease But the negative effect of YQQ on feed safety can not be ignored First of all, compared with large-scale breeding enterprises, farmers are relatively lack of knowledge in animal disease control, feed product identification and scientific use, and the feeding conditions are relatively poor Therefore, although the use of feed products is less, the possibility of safety problems caused by unreasonable use of feed products is relatively large Secondly, the scattered feeding of thousands of households increases the difficulty of technical service and supervision and management, and it is difficult to find the potential safety hazards in time Once problems occur, especially infectious diseases, it is easy to spread, causing a wide range of impact The industry and quality standard system are not perfect, so the ability of supervision, management and service needs to be strengthened Supervision and management is the key link to ensure feed safety In recent years, the Chinese government and relevant functional departments have attached great importance to the issue of feed safety