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In the central nervous system, such as retinal ganglion cells, IFNγ activates STAT1
in Ptpn2 cKO RGCs.
STAT1 then upregulates the expression
of neuronal cGAS.
cGAS produces cGAMP and activates STING
in neurons.
In PNS, such as dorsal root ganglia, axonotomy induces the expression
of ifn-γ in axons by local translation.
ifn-γ activates STAT1-cGAS signaling and cGAMP production in surrounding Schwann cells and blood cells, promoting peripheral axon regeneration
.
Image source: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Damage to the central nervous system (CNS), such as spinal cord injury, can lead to permanent loss
of sensory and motor function.
This is because the severed axons cannot regenerate
.
Until now, options to help these patients regain their ability to exercise have been very limited
.
Scientists have been exploring ways to regenerate severed axons in hopes of developing long-term viable treatments
.
A research team led by Associate Professor Cheng Kai LIU of the Department of Life Sciences at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) has solved some complex problems
in the regeneration of severed axons in a study in mice.
They found that the deletion of PTPN2, a gene encoding phosphatase, in neurons could prompt axon regeneration
.
When it binds to type II interferon IFNγ, this process can be further accelerated, increasing the number of
axon regeneration.
The findings were recently published in Neuron
.
The human nervous system is composed of
two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nerve.
Unlike the central nervous system, peripheral nerves have a stronger ability to self-regenerate and repair after injury
.
Scientists have not yet fully understood the relationship
between this self-repair and the immune mechanisms inherent in the nervous system.
The two mysteries the team wanted to solve were how immune-related signaling pathways affected post-injury neurons, and whether they could directly promote axon regeneration
.
This study investigates whether the signaling pathway IFNγ-cGAS-STING plays a role
in peripheral nerve regeneration.
The researchers found that peripheral axons can directly modulate the immune response in the injured environment and promote self-repair
after injury.
In previous studies, Prof.
Liu's team has demonstrated that improving neuronal activity and regulating neuronal glycerolipid metabolism pathways can improve axon regeneration
.
The current study provides further insight into finding treatment options for challenging diseases such as spinal cord injury, and one possible option is to connect several different signaling pathways
.
Driving axon regeneration by orchestrating neuronal and non-neuronal innate immune responses via the IFNγ-cGAS-STING axis
