End point in 2019: breakthrough research results of Science

By the end of the year, 2019 is coming to an end, and we will be greeted by a brand-new 2020 In 2019, the three famous international magazines cell, nature and Science (CNS) still published a lot of heavyweight research The small and medium-sized editors of this paper will sort out the highlights of the research published by science in 2019 and share them with you! Photo source: Wikipedia [1] Science: Portable DNA sequencer plays an important role in the detection of virus epidemic L.E kafetzopoulou, S.T pullan, P lemey, et al Metallic sequencing at the epicenter of the Nigeria 2018 Lassa never break, science 04 Jan 2019: Vol 363, issue 6422, pp 74-77 doi: 10.1126/science.aau9343 In January 2019, an international magazine Science In the previous study report, scientists from the United States and other countries found that with the outbreak of the virus, it is possible to use portable DNA sequencer to learn more about the virus epidemic; in the article, they described their Lassa virus (Lassa virus) in patients affected during a recent virus epidemic in Nigeria The analysis of DNA and their findings In this article, the researchers used a DNA sequencing device called Oxford nanopore minion They went to the scene of Lassa fever and began to collect blood and tissue samples of patients The researchers collected a total of 120 samples, but in view of the Internet connection problems, they could only test 36 of them But that's enough to answer two of the most pressing questions: is the sudden increase in the number of patients due to viral mutations? If so, can it now spread among people? Fortunately, the answer to both questions is no, a finding that allows health officials to focus on rat control rather than isolation It also shows that portable DNA sequencers can provide much-needed help to stop the next pandemic before it gets out of control 【2】 Science: the first full-resolution genetic map of human genome bjarni v haldorsson, Gunnar parsson, Olafur a Stefansson, et al Characterizing multiple effects of recommendation through a sequence level genetic map, science 25 Jan 2019: Vol 363, issue 6425, eaau1043 doi: 10.1126/science.aau1043 In January 2019, in a research report published in the international journal Science, researchers from institutions such as decode genetics of Iceland released the first full-resolution human genome genetic map developed by using the whole genome sequence data The map provides the most detailed observation of the location, rate and correlation between the two key drivers of human evolution, i.e recombination and de novo mutation This paper introduces the latest genome genetic map constructed by Icelandic gene decoding company using Iceland's unique population genetic resources In this paper, researchers have observed in great detail that the process of random genetic change is actually regulated by the genome itself and the fact that there is a correlation between recombination and new mutations We identified 35 sequence variations that affect the recombination rate and location, and showed that the possibility of new mutations at the recombination site is more than 50 times higher than other locations in the genome In addition, women contribute more to recombination, while men contribute more to new mutations, which constitute the main source of rare childhood diseases In this new study, we observed that genome is the engine of diversity within a certain range 【3】 Science: for the first time, it was found that T cells producing acetylcholine are necessary to control chronic virus infection, Maureen A Cox, Gordon S Duncan, Gloria h y Lin, et al Chorine acyltransferase – expressing T cells are required to control chronic virus infection, science 08 Feb 2019: Vol 363, issue 6427, PP 639-644 Doi: 10.1126/science.aau9072 in February 2019, in a research report published in the international journal Science, scientists from the University of Toronto and other institutions found for the first time through research that T cells producing acetylcholine are necessary to control chronic virus infection During infection, T cells in the immune system synthesize acetylcholine; in the brain, acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter and controls learning and memory; in the immune system, T cells that synthesize this classic brain chemical can escape the blood circulation and take actions in the tissues to fight against infection, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is the T cells in viral infection During this period, these T cells are produced and promoted to enter the tissues invaded by the virus, where they kill the cells infected by the virus In the case of cancer, tumors are usually surrounded by immune cells, but these immune cells cannot break through their defense, which may be because they cannot produce enough acetylcholine In this case, strategies to increase neurotransmitter production may be beneficial In autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, reducing the production of neurotransmitters may prevent immune cell populations from invading the joint or central nervous system 【4】 Science: it is the first time to construct a DNA composed of eight nucleotides, so as to double the DNA coding ability Shuichi hoshika, Nicole A Leal, Myong Jung Kim, et al Hachimoji DNA and RNA: a genetic system with eight building blocks, science 22 Feb 2019: Vol 363, issue 6429, pp 884-887doi: 10.1126/science.aat0971 In February 2019, an international magazine Science In the previous research report, researchers from the United States combined four synthetic nucleotides with four nucleotides naturally existing in nucleic acids to construct DNA molecules (hachimoji molecules) composed of eight nucleotides The shape and behavior of these DNA molecules are like real things, and even can be transcribed into RNA; the information storage capacity of these hachimoji molecules The amount of nucleic acid is twice that of natural nucleic acid, so it may have numerous biotechnology applications In this paper, the researchers will have calculated that a total of four additional base pairs formed by eight new purine base / pyrimidine base type structures connected by hydrogen bonds are possible Researchers have previously integrated two synthetic nucleotides, Z and P, which form a base pair between them, into DNA, demonstrating that they can be replicated and transcribed in vitro Now they have added two other synthetic nucleotides: s and B (which also form a base pair) It is a landmark achievement that researchers can double the number of nucleotides integrated into DNA and maintain predictable chemistry 【5】 Science: discover a new mechanism for cells to sense oxygen! New breakthrough in anticancer drugs! Abhishek a Chakraborty, Tuomas Laukka, Matti myllykoski, et al Histone demethylase kdm6a directly senses oxygen to control chromium and cell fate, science 15 Mar 2019: Vol 363, issue 6432, pp 1217-1222 doi: 10.1126/science.aaw1026, March 2019, an international journal Science In the previous research report, researchers from the University of olu and other institutions found a previously unknown mechanism of oxygen sensing in vivo cells, revealing that hypoxia has an important direct impact on the function of genes, which can prevent cell differentiation Relevant research results have brought new ideas for the development of new anticancer drugs In this paper, researchers focus on an enzyme called histone demethylase, whose task is to regulate the structure of chromosomes The researchers found that hypoxia can cause some histone demethylases to fail to work, resulting in cell failure to differentiate This discovery is related to the development of new anticancer drugs, because cancer cells are usually undifferentiated, and many tumors have chromosomal abnormalities Animals have evolved a HIF centric way of sensing oxygen, which is activated when oxygen levels in the blood drop However, there is no such system in plants, some of which are histone demethylase; therefore, it is likely that histone demethylase is responsible for sensing oxygen before HIF protein appears; later researchers will further study why some histone demethylases are more dependent on oxygen Photo source: Wikipedia [6] Science: potassium ion is the key to control the anti-cancer ability of T cells Suman Kumar vodnala, Robert eel, Rigel J kishton, et al T cell stemness and dysfunction in tumors are triggered by a common mechanism, science 29 Mar 2019: Vol 363, issue 6434, eaau0135 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau0135 In April 2019, in a research report published in the international journal Science, scientists from the American Cancer Research Institute revealed a way to promote the sustainable growth of tumor in the presence of tumor killing immune cells through research, and related research clarified a new method to enhance anti-tumor immunotherapy Dead cancer cells release potassium ions, and in some tumors, potassium levels can reach very high levels, researchers say, which can cause T cells to maintain stem cell like quality, or "stem cells." Sex ", which is closely related to their ability to eliminate cancer in the process of immunotherapy Increasing T cell contact with potassium (or imitating the effect of high potassium) can make cancer immunotherapy more effective Finally, the team demonstrated that when they used specific drugs to simulate the effects of potassium on mouse T cells, they could improve the ability of T cells to continue to grow and eliminate tumors This means that the drug may be used to induce T cell dryness as a strategy to enhance cancer immunotherapy In the next step, researchers will conduct clinical trials to develop more new treatments based on the results of this study 【7】 Science: how do neurons in the brain connect? Olivier urwyler, azadeh izadifar, Sofie vandenbogaerde, et al Branch restricted localization of phophatase PRL-1 specifications axial synaptogenesis domains, science 03 may 2019: Vol 364, issue 6439, eaau9952 doi: 10.1126/science.aau9952 in May 2019, one was published in the international journal Science In the previous study, researchers from Belgium and Switzerland found a new signaling mechanism in Drosophila, which can help to indicate the formation mechanism of neuronal circuits in the brain About 100 billion neurons form a complex and interconnected network in our brain, allowing us to generate complex thinking patterns and actions, the researchers said Neurons have various sizes and shapes, but most of them have long processes, which are connected to adjacent cells through specialized information transmission structures called synapses The researchers said they found differences in the number of neuronal branches and synapses in individual processes of the same type of neuron, and also found that a phosphatase called PRL-1 played a decisive role in determining where the highest density of synaptic connections were formed on a given neuron In Drosophila, the absence of PRL-1 results in several