End point in 2019: breakthrough research results of cell magazine

By the end of the year, 2019 is coming to an end, and we will be greeted by a brand new 2020 In 2019, the three famous international magazines cell, nature and Science (CNS) still published a lot of heavyweight research The small and medium-sized editors of this paper collate and share the highlights of the research published by cell magazine in 2019! Photo source: cell, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.036 [1] cell: over 60 years of secret solution! Scientists reveal the mechanism of mammalian DNA replication! Jiang Sima, abhijit Chakraborty, Vishnu Dileep, et al Identifying cis elements for spatiotemporal control of mammaian DNA replication, cell, February 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.036 in January 2019, an international journal published in cell In the previous study, scientists from Florida State University revealed the mechanism of DNA replication in mammalian cells In this paper, D researchers reveal how DNA replication processes are regulated and what this means for future genetic research They find that there are specific sites in DNA molecules that control DNA replication The researchers studied individual pieces of DNA at the highest possible three-dimensional resolution and saw that the three sequences on the DNA molecule were often in contact with each other The researchers then used CRISPR, an advanced gene editing technology, to remove the three regions at the same time They found that the three regions together are the key to DNA replication Removing the three regions will lead to the transfer of DNA replication time from the initial stage of the process to its final stage In this study, for the first time, researchers have precisely identified specific DNA sequences in the genome that regulate chromatin structure and DNA replication time The relevant research results reveal a possible model, that is, how DNA folds in cells and how these folding patterns affect the function of genetic materials 【2】 Cell: cyclic RNA is expected to be a biomarker of cancer, Josh n VO, Marcin cieslik, Yajia Zhang, et al The landscape of circular RNA in cancer cell, 7 February 2019 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.021 an international journal Cell In the previous research report, researchers from the University of Michigan in the United States catalogued and conducted preliminary research on circrna in a variety of cancers, and found that these stable structures may be used as cancer biomarkers in blood or urine; circrna is a non coding RNA, which forms a closed circular structure rather than a linear structure In this paper, the researchers found circrna from more than 800 tumor samples In addition, they identified several circrna found in prostate cancer tissues By evaluating the circrna from prostate cancer cells, they found that these circrna were more stable than linear RNA The researchers say they can confirm that these circrnas exist in urine and can be detected from prostate cancer In the future, researchers will explore these circrnas as biomarkers of cancer in urine or blood 【3】 Cell: "nitric oxide" may be a bridge between intestinal bacteria and mammalian hosts Puneet Seth, paishiun n Hsieh, suhib Jamal, et al Regulation of microRNA machinery and development by interactions S-nitrosylation, cell, 21 February 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.037 In February 2019, in a research report published in the international journal Cell, researchers from the medical school of Case Western Reserve University and other institutions described a method of inter species communication, namely bacteria It secretes a specific molecule called nitric oxide, which allows them to communicate with the host DNA and control the host DNA, suggesting that the conversation between the two may affect human health extensively In this paper, the researchers found for the first time that intestinal bacteria can take advantage of the nitric oxide network that is prevalent in mammals, including humans Nitric oxide (no) binds to human proteins in a strictly regulated way (S-nitrosylation process), which is widely related to Alzheimer's disease and other diseases Relevant research results show that no is a common mechanism for intestinal bacteria to communicate with mammalian hosts 【4】 Cell: scientists have identified a new DNA repair mechanism to maintain cell genome integrity Kareem n mohni, Sarah R wessel, Runxiang Zhao, et al Hmces maintenance genome integrity by shielding basic sites in single strand DNA, cell, 10 January 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.055 in March 2019, an international journal Cell In the previous report, scientists from Vanderbilt University identified a novel DNA repair mechanism to maintain genome integrity The researchers said that this mechanism was initiated by a protein called hmces, which is one of more than 200 protein families identified by previous researchers These proteins are part of a special molecular machine that can help DNA replicate during cell division Some of these proteins are used for DNA replication related functions, while some proteins, including hmces, have not found this function According to Cortez, there are hmces like proteins in every organism, such as human beings and bacteria In this study, we eliminated the hmces gene in cells to find problems in cell replication, but the researchers did not find any problems, that is, cells without hmces can divide and replicate normally; when the researchers challenge these cells with damaged DNA They found that hmces is essential for cell health If a drug can interact with the hmces protein of bacteria, it may be able to stabilize the DNA protein cross-linking structure and become a useful antibiotic At present, researchers hope to further study the repair mechanism and develop new disease therapy with it as the target 【5】 Cell: heavyweight! Scientists have successfully revealed the crystal structure of human cannabinoid receptor CB2, cell, 24 January 2019 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.011 in March 2019, an international journal published in cell In the previous study report, scientists from China, Russia and the United States revealed the crystal structure of human type 2 cannabinoid receptor through research, and the relevant research results are expected to help develop new drugs for the treatment of inflammation, neurodegeneration and other diseases In this study, researchers compared the crystal structure of type 2 cannabinoid receptor with the previously found structure of type 1 cannabinoid receptor They believe that these two receptors are the Yin and Yang sides of human endogenous cannabinoids These two cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, belong to the endogenous cannabinoid system; CB1 receptor mainly exists in the nervous system of the body, which is responsible for the effect of mental activity, while CB2 receptor mainly exists in the immune system of the body Some studies have shown that, in fact, the main target of immunotherapy is also the main target of the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, the researchers said CB2 can reduce the growth of tumor Now research has revealed the crystal structure of two cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 In the later stage, we will design selective compounds to target one of them, and at the same time, we will develop pharmaceutical preparations that can target two receptors at the same time through in-depth research Photo source: University of Trento [6] cell: the largest human microbiome study so far revealed thousands of new microbial species, Edoardo pasolli, Francesco asnicar, Serena Manara, et al Extend unexplored human microbiome diversity revealed by over 150000 genes from metals spanning age, geography, and lifestyle , cell, 24 January 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.001 in March 2019, in a research report published in the international journal Cell, researchers from the University of Trento in Italy created the largest list of bacteria and archaea that are commonly found in human beings all over the world In this paper, the researchers identified nearly 5000 microbial species, reproduced more than 154000 newly reconstructed genomes, and described the human microbiome in different ages, body parts, lifestyles and diseases Each of us is colonized by hundreds of such microbial species However, a large part of it (77%) was previously unknown Many of these microbial species are relatively rare, but some microbial species are very common in people around the world, and their discovery is the starting point to test their potential role in autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal diseases and tumor diseases In order to obtain these results, the researchers analyzed an extremely large data set of newly acquired publicly accessible microbiome samples covering different geographic, lifestyle and age groups In general, the researchers considered 9428 human microbiome samples that have been studied with a DNA sequencing technology called metagenomics 【7】 Cell: to reveal that somatic cell mutation promotes liver tissue regeneration min Zhu, Tianshi Lu, yuemeng Jia, et al Some mutations increase hepatic clonal fitness and regeneration in chronic liver disease, cell, 18 April 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.026 in April 2019, an international journal Cell In the previous study, researchers from Southwest Medical Center and other institutions sequenced the exons of liver samples from 82 patients, revealing the complex mutation landscape of cirrhosis in the population The researchers identified frequent mutations in PKD1, ppargc1b, kmt2d and arid1a genes by ultra deep sequencing In order to study the functional effects of mutated genes, the researchers developed a combined in vivo CRISPR screening method Consistent with the sequencing results, 147 genes were detected again, indicating that the deletion of PKD1, kmt2d and arid1a promoted the cloning and amplification In mice, the conditional loss of heterozygosity of these genes can also protect the liver in the detection of tissue damage Somatic mutations before canceration are usually observed from the perspective of cancer, but researchers have confirmed that mutations can promote liver tissue regeneration, which may not be related to cancer 【8】 Cell: targeted mitochondrial permeability is expected to prevent aging and prolong life Ben Zhou, Johannes Kreuzer, Caroline kumsta, et al Mitochondrial permeability uncoupled elevated autophagy and lifespan extension, cell, 4 April 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.013 a report was published in the international journal Cell in April 2019 In the previous study, researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital and other institutions found that mitochondrial permeability may determine the effect of autophagy on aging Due to the increased mitochondrial permeability, the increased autophagy level unexpectedly shortened the life span of C.elegans lacking sgk-1, the researchers said In the sgk-1 mutant of Nematoda, both the reduction of autophagy level and the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) can restore the normal life of Nematoda Genetic induced opening of MPTP blocked the cause