End of 2020: Breakthrough research that breaks the textbook challenge routine!

: Challenge Traditional Cognition! The neuron's characteristic selectivity comes from the total number of activated synapses doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03044-3 Researchers from the Max Planck Florida Institute of Neuroscience reported for the first time the results of a new method that allows them to make these measurements.
their study challenged the predictions of the Hebbian model, confirming that the size of the synapses was independent of the similarity of the reactions and showing that the neuroreactive characteristics reflected the total number of active synapses (weak synapses and strong synapses).
the findings were published in the journal Nature.
, the researchers were inspired to explore the problem in the visual cortical layer.
in the visual cortical layer, individual neurons are highly selective in their responses to different features in the visual scene, such as the direction of the edges or the direction of moving objects.
this phenomenon, known as feature selectivity, is caused by the integration of thousands of synapses that transmit different signals, but it is not clear exactly how this happened.
Sholl explains, "Our goal is to test the hypothesis that the reaction of strong synapses closely matches the characteristic selectivity of neurons, while weak synapses do not."
to test this hypothesis, the researchers used optical microscope technology to visualize the activity of synth groups on individual neurons in real time.
, however, has a serious limitation in itself--- synapses can only be observed, not their intensity.
: Cell, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.016 Cell: Challenge Routine! The new study reveals that the synth unit of the bacterial whiplash rotary motor is actually a small rotating motor doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.016 has billions of bacteria around us and in our bodies, most of which are harmless or even beneficial.
, some bacteria, such as E. coli and salmonella, can cause infections.
ability to migrate can help bacteria find nutrients, or plant in certain parts of the body, and cause infections.
a new study, researchers from the University of Copenhagen in Denmark now have a deeper understanding of the dynamics of the bacteria's movement, solving a year-long mystery in the field.
study was published in the Cell journal.
researchers say many bacteria can move, or migrate, because they have long lines called whiplash, which they can use to push themselves forward.
they are achieved by rotating these whiplashes.
rotation is driven by the rotary motor of bacterial whiplash, which in turn comes from a protein complex called a stator unit.
this is well known in our field.
we are now showing how this synth unit powers a rotating motor, which has remained a mystery so far.
Nature: Challenge the Routine! There are winner clones of the intestinal immune system that produce antibodies that target doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2865-9 the gut is an unusually noisy place where hundreds of bacteria live with any microbe that happens to hitch a ride on your lunch cart.
Scientists have long speculated that the gut's immune system, in the face of so many external stimuli, takes an unusually brutal approach to controlling the number of gut microbiomes and protecting itself from foreign invaders: it produces large quantities of nonse specific antibodies that unbiased the entire microbiome of the gut.
, however, in a new study, researchers from Rockefeller University in the United States have found that the local immune system of the gut can produce antibodies with considerable precision and appear to target specific microbiomes.
the findings were published in the journal Nature.
people think that the intestinal immune system functions a bit like a generic antibiotic that controls every bacteria and pathogen.
but our new findings tell us that this targeting may be more specific.
This new study suggests that our immune system may play an active role in shaping the composition of our gut microbiome, which is closely related to health and disease;
Science: Subverting the Norm! In a new study, researchers from several Spanish research institutions described a new mechanism of immune defense that cells use to fight viral and bacterial infections using fat droplets.
this mechanism is coordinated by cells that attract and remove --- pathogens, lipid droplets --- completely.
study was published in the journal Science.
lipid droplets are the cysts that accumulate nutrients in our cells that provide the necessary energy for cell function in the form of fat.
, for example, provide energy for the beating of the heart, the metabolic function of the liver, or the movement of the muscles.
, co-author of the paper, said: "Fat droplets are like the storage room of our cells, where we accumulate the food we need to use later.
this occurs in all my nucleic cells, from yeast or insects to plants or mammals.
when viruses or bacteria infect host cells, they need a lot of nutrients to multiply and get them to fat droplets," he said.
In the new study, the researchers found that in response to infection, fat droplets assemble antibiotics and antiviral proteins together to form compounds in which antibiotics and antiviral proteins work together to fight pathogens and destroy them.
is a mechanism that works in all cells in the body, not just immune system cells such as macrophages.
has also been observed in insects, demonstrating its importance in the evolution of our innology immunity.
Sci Rep: Challenging Conventional Cognition! Brown adipose tissue may continue to grow and reproduce in the body after birth! doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77362-x Brown fat is a special type of adipose tissue that is activated to help maintain body temperature when the body is cold.
important, brown fat is also a special biofuel that can be used by the body to increase metabolic rates and reduce fat storage, thereby reducing individual obesity