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Tumor is a disease caused by the abnormal proliferation of human cells.
It is caused by the body's various internal and external factors, and a certain cell of the local tissue loses its normal regulation of its growth at the gene level, resulting in its clonal abnormal proliferation.
The medical profession generally divides tumors into two categories, benign and malignant.
Benign tumors refer to tumors that have no ability to infiltrate and metastasize.
Most of them do not become malignant, rarely recur, grow slowly, and are relatively close to normal cells and tissues in shape; malignant tumors are usually called cancers, and they grow aggressively and grow.
It is rapid and easy to metastasize, and it is easy to relapse after treatment.
But strictly speaking, cancer refers to a type of malignant tumors that originate from epithelial tissues, such as liver cancer, breast cancer, etc.
, accounting for about 90% of malignant tumors; the other 10% originate from mesenchymal lobes (non-epithelial) such as bone, muscle, and blood vessels Tissues, collectively called sarcomas.
The main difference between benign tumors and malignant tumors According to the latest cancer database GLOBOCAN 2020 of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), it is estimated that there will be 19.
3 million new cases worldwide in 2020, and 1 out of every 5 people in the world will develop cancer in their lifetime.
.
IARC predicts that there will be 28.
4 million new cancer cases worldwide in 2040, an increase of 47% from 19.
3 million in 2020.
Judging from the statistics of new cancer cases in different regions, China has the highest number of new cases in the world.
In 2020, there are 4.
5687 million new cancer cases, which is twice the number of new cases in the United States, which ranks second, and accounts for about the world's total.
1/4 of the number of new cases.
Taken together, the factors that cause the high incidence of tumors can be divided into congenital genetic factors and acquired environmental factors.
According to the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, true hereditary cancers are rare, accounting for only 1% to 5% of all malignant tumors, and cancers caused by environmental factors and lifestyles account for the majority.
Unhealthy lifestyles such as irregular work and rest, lack of physical exercise, long-term smoking and excessive drinking due to excessive pressure in life have greatly increased the incidence of tumors.
The main reason for the high tumor mortality rate for many years is that most tumor patients are already in the middle or late stage when they are detected.
At this time, they have metastasized or caused complications in the body, and the five-year survival rate of patients will be greatly reduced.
Early detection of cancer through early tumor screening technology and early treatment is an effective means to reduce mortality.
The characteristics of different cancer types-know yourself and the enemy, and prescribe the right medicine according to the origin of the cancer.
There are mainly breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, cervical cancer and other common cancer types.
1.
Breast cancer Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that originates in the breast and is the most common malignant tumor in women today.
The main symptoms include breast lumps, nipple discharge, skin changes, nipple and areola abnormalities, and axillary lymphadenopathy.
Breast cancer is often diagnosed through breast palpation, imaging examination, and histopathology based on the clinical manifestations of the patient.
The imaging diagnosis of breast includes mammography mammography, breast ultrasound, breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission computed tomography (PET-CT), etc.
Breast cancer is one of the solid tumors with the best curative effect.
Its therapeutic effect is closely related to the disease stage.
Early breast cancer is characterized by a high cure rate, whether it is breast preservation rate, armpit preservation rate, or long-term survival rate.
Some early breast cancers can also be exempt from chemotherapy.
Unfortunately, most breast cancers are in the middle or late stage when they are detected, and the cure rate is greatly reduced.
Therefore, the National Health Commission generally recommends that women start opportunistic screening at the age of 40.
For people at high risk of breast cancer, the screening start age can be advanced to before 40.
2.
Lung cancer Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world.
It has long been ranked first in the incidence and mortality of different cancer types. The early symptoms of lung cancer mainly include cough, hemoptysis, fever, chest and back pain, chest tightness, shortness of breath or fatigue, etc.
Among them, cough is the first symptom of about 45%, blood in sputum or hemoptysis is the first symptom of about 20%.
Most lung cancer patients have lost the opportunity of surgical treatment after being diagnosed.
Therefore, lung cancer screening in high-risk populations is beneficial to find early lung cancer and improve the cure rate.
At present, the early diagnosis of lung cancer mainly relies on imaging diagnosis technology.
The first category is X-ray diagnosis, including conventional chest radiographs, CR or DR chest radiographs, etc.
X-ray technology is cheap and fast, and is the most basic diagnosis method for lung cancer, but it is difficult to find lumps in hidden parts.
The second category is CT lung scan.
The sensitivity of low-dose spiral CT (LDCT) to early lung cancer is 4-10 times that of conventional X-rays.
It can detect early peripheral lung cancer early and is the recommended method for early lung cancer screening.
According to the "Standards for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Lung Cancer" (2018 edition) issued by the National Health Commission, LDCT annual screening can find 85% of stage I peripheral lung cancer, and the 10-year expected survival rate after surgery is 92%.
3.
Colorectal cancer Colorectal cancer is cancer that occurs in the colon or rectum.
Its symptoms may include blood in the stool (or occult blood), changes in bowel habits, weight loss, and long-term fatigue.
The morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer are relatively high.
However, since the development rate of colorectal cancer is slower than other cancers and has obvious precancerous lesions, if detected at an early stage, colorectal cancer is recognized by the medical profession as the most treatable and One of the preventable cancers.
Colonoscopy is a commonly used clinical endoscope, which can clearly find intestinal lesions and can also treat some intestinal lesions.
It is the gold standard for the diagnosis and screening of colorectal cancer in China.
However, it is invasive, requires a long bowel preparation time and has the risk of side effects, so patient compliance is low.
In order to reduce the mortality rate of colorectal cancer, if large-scale early colorectal cancer screening is to be carried out, it is also necessary to promote a more non-invasive, convenient and safe early screening method.
4.
Liver Cancer Primary liver malignant tumors originate from the epithelial or mesenchymal tissues of the liver, have a high mortality rate, and develop rapidly, and most of them are difficult to control for a long time.
Current studies have shown that there is a trilogy of "hepatitis-cirrhosis-liver cancer" in the development of liver cancer.
Therefore, people with a history of chronic liver disease are at a high risk of liver cancer.
In addition, people with a family history of liver cancer, alcoholics, severe fatty liver patients, people with unclean diet, and people in areas with high incidence of liver cancer are all susceptible to liver cancer.
The symptoms of liver cancer are not obvious, and early liver cancer may even have no symptoms, while mild symptoms such as fatigue, anorexia, and stomach upset are usually ignored, thus missing the opportunity to find liver cancer early.
At present, the early detection of liver cancer mainly includes ultrasound, CT, MRI, alpha-fetoprotein and other methods, which are not suitable for large-scale screening of asymptomatic people.
With the development of liquid biopsy technology, early liver cancer screening products on the market have successively launched services, which quickly occupied the early liver cancer screening market with its advantages of convenience, speed, and non-invasiveness.
5.
Gastric cancer Gastric cancer originates from the epithelium of the gastric mucosa and is one of the common malignant tumors.
Helicobacter pylori infection, overeating and excessive dieting, skipping breakfast, etc.
are all likely to cause stomach problems, and then develop into gastric cancer.
From chronic superficial gastritis, chronic atrophic gastritis to intestinal metaplasia, heterogeneous hyperplasia and finally develop into gastric cancer, it will take about 5-10 years, or even shorter.
Since the early symptoms of gastric cancer are not much different from those of gastritis, many people tend to ignore it and miss the best treatment time.
According to the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, the 5-year survival rate for most gastric cancers detected early can exceed 90%, but if detected late, this number will be less than 30%.
Gastroscopy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of gastric cancer.
It can directly observe whether there are lesions in the inspected part, and then perform further pathological diagnosis through gastroscopy biopsy.
Although gastroscope is safe and reliable, it is an important way to diagnose gastric cancer, but because of its invasive nature, it is not recommended as a screening method.
However, it is necessary to have a gastroscope! 6.
Cervical cancer Cervical cancer is one of the common gynecological malignancies.
The main common types of cervical squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and adenosquamous carcinoma account for more than 90% of all cervical cancers.
Cervical cancer has a long tumor development cycle.
Once cervical precancerous lesions remain in the cervix for a long time, it may develop into cervical cancer.
In about 10% of cases, low-grade cervical precancerous lesions develop into high-grade cervical cancer within two years.
Without treatment, high-grade cervical precancerous lesions may develop into cervical cancer 15-20 years later.
Cervical/vaginal cytology smears and HPV testing are the main screening methods to detect early cervical cancer and precancerous lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)).
At present, cervical cancer screening mainly uses cervical liquid-based cytology (TCT), supplemented by HPV testing to improve screening efficiency.
Although cervical smear is highly sensitive, it is invasive, requires professional operation, and lacks quality control and patient privacy.
HPV testing has the advantage of non-invasiveness, and its patient compliance is undoubtedly better.
In the future, it will be a development trend to improve the accuracy of HPV testing and develop it to home testing.
The World Health Organization proposes that one-third of cancers can be completely prevented; one-third of cancers can be cured through early detection; one-third of cancers can use existing medical measures to prolong life, alleviate suffering, and improve the quality of life .
Although malignant tumors have high morbidity and mortality, they are not without countermeasures.
As long as ordinary healthy people and people at high risk of cancer can detect cancer in the early stage of cancer or even the time of precancerous lesions and treat it early, it will greatly increase the five-year survival rate of cancer patients and reduce related treatment costs.
Therefore, tumor screening must prescribe the right medicine.
Source: Medical World
It is caused by the body's various internal and external factors, and a certain cell of the local tissue loses its normal regulation of its growth at the gene level, resulting in its clonal abnormal proliferation.
The medical profession generally divides tumors into two categories, benign and malignant.
Benign tumors refer to tumors that have no ability to infiltrate and metastasize.
Most of them do not become malignant, rarely recur, grow slowly, and are relatively close to normal cells and tissues in shape; malignant tumors are usually called cancers, and they grow aggressively and grow.
It is rapid and easy to metastasize, and it is easy to relapse after treatment.
But strictly speaking, cancer refers to a type of malignant tumors that originate from epithelial tissues, such as liver cancer, breast cancer, etc.
, accounting for about 90% of malignant tumors; the other 10% originate from mesenchymal lobes (non-epithelial) such as bone, muscle, and blood vessels Tissues, collectively called sarcomas.
The main difference between benign tumors and malignant tumors According to the latest cancer database GLOBOCAN 2020 of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), it is estimated that there will be 19.
3 million new cases worldwide in 2020, and 1 out of every 5 people in the world will develop cancer in their lifetime.
.
IARC predicts that there will be 28.
4 million new cancer cases worldwide in 2040, an increase of 47% from 19.
3 million in 2020.
Judging from the statistics of new cancer cases in different regions, China has the highest number of new cases in the world.
In 2020, there are 4.
5687 million new cancer cases, which is twice the number of new cases in the United States, which ranks second, and accounts for about the world's total.
1/4 of the number of new cases.
Taken together, the factors that cause the high incidence of tumors can be divided into congenital genetic factors and acquired environmental factors.
According to the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, true hereditary cancers are rare, accounting for only 1% to 5% of all malignant tumors, and cancers caused by environmental factors and lifestyles account for the majority.
Unhealthy lifestyles such as irregular work and rest, lack of physical exercise, long-term smoking and excessive drinking due to excessive pressure in life have greatly increased the incidence of tumors.
The main reason for the high tumor mortality rate for many years is that most tumor patients are already in the middle or late stage when they are detected.
At this time, they have metastasized or caused complications in the body, and the five-year survival rate of patients will be greatly reduced.
Early detection of cancer through early tumor screening technology and early treatment is an effective means to reduce mortality.
The characteristics of different cancer types-know yourself and the enemy, and prescribe the right medicine according to the origin of the cancer.
There are mainly breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, cervical cancer and other common cancer types.
1.
Breast cancer Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that originates in the breast and is the most common malignant tumor in women today.
The main symptoms include breast lumps, nipple discharge, skin changes, nipple and areola abnormalities, and axillary lymphadenopathy.
Breast cancer is often diagnosed through breast palpation, imaging examination, and histopathology based on the clinical manifestations of the patient.
The imaging diagnosis of breast includes mammography mammography, breast ultrasound, breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission computed tomography (PET-CT), etc.
Breast cancer is one of the solid tumors with the best curative effect.
Its therapeutic effect is closely related to the disease stage.
Early breast cancer is characterized by a high cure rate, whether it is breast preservation rate, armpit preservation rate, or long-term survival rate.
Some early breast cancers can also be exempt from chemotherapy.
Unfortunately, most breast cancers are in the middle or late stage when they are detected, and the cure rate is greatly reduced.
Therefore, the National Health Commission generally recommends that women start opportunistic screening at the age of 40.
For people at high risk of breast cancer, the screening start age can be advanced to before 40.
2.
Lung cancer Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world.
It has long been ranked first in the incidence and mortality of different cancer types. The early symptoms of lung cancer mainly include cough, hemoptysis, fever, chest and back pain, chest tightness, shortness of breath or fatigue, etc.
Among them, cough is the first symptom of about 45%, blood in sputum or hemoptysis is the first symptom of about 20%.
Most lung cancer patients have lost the opportunity of surgical treatment after being diagnosed.
Therefore, lung cancer screening in high-risk populations is beneficial to find early lung cancer and improve the cure rate.
At present, the early diagnosis of lung cancer mainly relies on imaging diagnosis technology.
The first category is X-ray diagnosis, including conventional chest radiographs, CR or DR chest radiographs, etc.
X-ray technology is cheap and fast, and is the most basic diagnosis method for lung cancer, but it is difficult to find lumps in hidden parts.
The second category is CT lung scan.
The sensitivity of low-dose spiral CT (LDCT) to early lung cancer is 4-10 times that of conventional X-rays.
It can detect early peripheral lung cancer early and is the recommended method for early lung cancer screening.
According to the "Standards for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Lung Cancer" (2018 edition) issued by the National Health Commission, LDCT annual screening can find 85% of stage I peripheral lung cancer, and the 10-year expected survival rate after surgery is 92%.
3.
Colorectal cancer Colorectal cancer is cancer that occurs in the colon or rectum.
Its symptoms may include blood in the stool (or occult blood), changes in bowel habits, weight loss, and long-term fatigue.
The morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer are relatively high.
However, since the development rate of colorectal cancer is slower than other cancers and has obvious precancerous lesions, if detected at an early stage, colorectal cancer is recognized by the medical profession as the most treatable and One of the preventable cancers.
Colonoscopy is a commonly used clinical endoscope, which can clearly find intestinal lesions and can also treat some intestinal lesions.
It is the gold standard for the diagnosis and screening of colorectal cancer in China.
However, it is invasive, requires a long bowel preparation time and has the risk of side effects, so patient compliance is low.
In order to reduce the mortality rate of colorectal cancer, if large-scale early colorectal cancer screening is to be carried out, it is also necessary to promote a more non-invasive, convenient and safe early screening method.
4.
Liver Cancer Primary liver malignant tumors originate from the epithelial or mesenchymal tissues of the liver, have a high mortality rate, and develop rapidly, and most of them are difficult to control for a long time.
Current studies have shown that there is a trilogy of "hepatitis-cirrhosis-liver cancer" in the development of liver cancer.
Therefore, people with a history of chronic liver disease are at a high risk of liver cancer.
In addition, people with a family history of liver cancer, alcoholics, severe fatty liver patients, people with unclean diet, and people in areas with high incidence of liver cancer are all susceptible to liver cancer.
The symptoms of liver cancer are not obvious, and early liver cancer may even have no symptoms, while mild symptoms such as fatigue, anorexia, and stomach upset are usually ignored, thus missing the opportunity to find liver cancer early.
At present, the early detection of liver cancer mainly includes ultrasound, CT, MRI, alpha-fetoprotein and other methods, which are not suitable for large-scale screening of asymptomatic people.
With the development of liquid biopsy technology, early liver cancer screening products on the market have successively launched services, which quickly occupied the early liver cancer screening market with its advantages of convenience, speed, and non-invasiveness.
5.
Gastric cancer Gastric cancer originates from the epithelium of the gastric mucosa and is one of the common malignant tumors.
Helicobacter pylori infection, overeating and excessive dieting, skipping breakfast, etc.
are all likely to cause stomach problems, and then develop into gastric cancer.
From chronic superficial gastritis, chronic atrophic gastritis to intestinal metaplasia, heterogeneous hyperplasia and finally develop into gastric cancer, it will take about 5-10 years, or even shorter.
Since the early symptoms of gastric cancer are not much different from those of gastritis, many people tend to ignore it and miss the best treatment time.
According to the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, the 5-year survival rate for most gastric cancers detected early can exceed 90%, but if detected late, this number will be less than 30%.
Gastroscopy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of gastric cancer.
It can directly observe whether there are lesions in the inspected part, and then perform further pathological diagnosis through gastroscopy biopsy.
Although gastroscope is safe and reliable, it is an important way to diagnose gastric cancer, but because of its invasive nature, it is not recommended as a screening method.
However, it is necessary to have a gastroscope! 6.
Cervical cancer Cervical cancer is one of the common gynecological malignancies.
The main common types of cervical squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and adenosquamous carcinoma account for more than 90% of all cervical cancers.
Cervical cancer has a long tumor development cycle.
Once cervical precancerous lesions remain in the cervix for a long time, it may develop into cervical cancer.
In about 10% of cases, low-grade cervical precancerous lesions develop into high-grade cervical cancer within two years.
Without treatment, high-grade cervical precancerous lesions may develop into cervical cancer 15-20 years later.
Cervical/vaginal cytology smears and HPV testing are the main screening methods to detect early cervical cancer and precancerous lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)).
At present, cervical cancer screening mainly uses cervical liquid-based cytology (TCT), supplemented by HPV testing to improve screening efficiency.
Although cervical smear is highly sensitive, it is invasive, requires professional operation, and lacks quality control and patient privacy.
HPV testing has the advantage of non-invasiveness, and its patient compliance is undoubtedly better.
In the future, it will be a development trend to improve the accuracy of HPV testing and develop it to home testing.
The World Health Organization proposes that one-third of cancers can be completely prevented; one-third of cancers can be cured through early detection; one-third of cancers can use existing medical measures to prolong life, alleviate suffering, and improve the quality of life .
Although malignant tumors have high morbidity and mortality, they are not without countermeasures.
As long as ordinary healthy people and people at high risk of cancer can detect cancer in the early stage of cancer or even the time of precancerous lesions and treat it early, it will greatly increase the five-year survival rate of cancer patients and reduce related treatment costs.
Therefore, tumor screening must prescribe the right medicine.
Source: Medical World
