Discussion on the cause and Countermeasure of feed mildew

Introduction: Abstract: after the feed is moldy and deteriorated, in addition to the serious economic losses caused by the direct use, the livestock and poultry have accumulated and poisoned or even died after eating the moldy and deteriorated feed, which has caused huge economic losses to the enterprises producing and operating feed, the breeding enterprises or the farmers, and seriously affected the development of feed industry and animal husbandry production At the same time, the residue of mycotoxin in animal products brings great threat to human health The purpose of this paper is to help feed production and management enterprises, livestock and poultry breeding enterprises or farmers to select high-quality feed varieties, take reasonable measures to store feed, use scientific new anti mildew technology, minimize the economic losses caused by feed mildew and the cost of livestock and poultry breeding, improve the economic benefits of feed industry and animal husbandry, and ensure the safety of livestock products and human health Key words: feed mould mildew proof feed is polluted by mould, under suitable conditions, mould grows and propagates in large numbers, which causes feed mildew and deterioration There are many kinds of molds, and the molds that pollute feed mainly include Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Trichoderma, etc In the process of feed mildewing, the growth of mould consumes nutrients in feed, decomposes protein and energy in feed, and produces peculiar smell Mycotoxins not only affect the cell and humoral immunity of animals and people, but also affect the metabolism of DNA, RNA, protein and lipids, causing cell death and endocrine disorders Among these mycotoxins, aflatoxin in the Aspergillus has the most in the feed and the most mutagenic, which is a highly toxic hepatotoxin After animals eat the feed polluted by aflatoxin, they seriously damage the liver of livestock and poultry, cause poisoning, even death, and bring serious economic losses to animal husbandry At the same time, aflatoxin can also be transferred to animal products, and there are residues in animal viscera, meat, eggs and milk Through the food chain, it also causes great harm and serious threat to human health (Zhou Qiangang et al 2003.5.) Therefore, it is of great significance to find out the cause of feed mildew and the measures to prevent it The author sums up the reasons of feed mildew and the methods to prevent it in the grass-roots animal husbandry technology promotion, feed production enterprises and feed market management for many years, so as to give readers 1 The cause of feed and feed raw material mildew 1.1 improper planting mode or harvesting technology of food crop feed causes mildew For a long time, a kind of feed grain crop is planted in a plot, so that mould exists in feed itself 80-90% of aflatoxins isolated from peanuts can produce toxins, which is much higher than that isolated from other crops In the field of continuous peanut planting, the pollution rate of aflatoxins is high, and the content of aflatoxins is also high Broken peanuts are the most likely to pollute aflatoxins, which is also conducive to the production of toxins (Li Dagang, 2003.10.) In addition, insect bites, rat bites, grinding and pressing during harvesting, storage and transportation, and damage to the skin and shell of corn, peanut and other grains can make them rotten and deteriorated, because such grains are often highly polluted 1.2 the feed storage room is dark and humid, and the ventilation is not smooth, so that the water content of the feed that is easy to be preserved increases, the temperature rises and the feed becomes moldy and rotten 1.3 the feed itself has high moisture content, which makes it generate heat in the oxidation process, causing feed mildew and deterioration As far as the region is concerned, feed moisture in the south is higher than 12%, and feed moisture in the north is higher than 14%, which is easy to cause mildew and deterioration 1.4 high temperature is the main cause of feed mildew and deterioration Because high temperature must be associated with high humidity, in the environment of high temperature and humidity, the water content will gradually increase, resulting in feed mildew and deterioration 1.5 the warehouses, doors and windows, packages, etc for storing feed are not strictly disinfected, and the feed is kept under the condition of original mould and insect eggs, so that a large amount of heat will be generated inside the feed after it is polluted by mould and insect bites, resulting in feed mildew and deterioration 1.6 improper storage method High stacking, long storage time, and long-term do not turn over, in the case of high temperature, make the local feed itself hot, caking, moldy 1.7 rats and insects are easy to cause feed mildew and deterioration Rat damage and insect moth not only consume feed and cause additional waste, but also consume a lot of oxygen, produce CO2 and water, release heat, cause local temperature and humidity of feed to increase, cause feed to agglomerate and mildew, at the same time, rats may dig holes in walls and roofs and smuggle feed out, more seriously, cause rainwater to be poured into the storage room from rat holes, resulting in more feed Mildew and deterioration due to dampness 2 Countermeasure 2.1 adopting rotation planting and appropriate harvesting technology can reduce the pollution probability of feed crops due to mould and mycotoxin in the planting plot At the same time, in the process of harvest, storage and transportation, insect bite, rat bite and grinding should be avoided as much as possible to avoid damage to the skin of corn, peanut and other grains Broken grains should be removed to prevent mildew 2.2 strictly control the moisture content of feed It is the most convenient method to control the water content below the safety line Feed crops should be dried quickly after harvest, and the drying must be uniform The North must be controlled below 14%, and the south must be controlled below 12% 2.3 control the temperature, humidity and ventilation of the storage room Low temperature, low humidity and ventilation can prevent feed from oxidation and mildew, which is conducive to feed storage Therefore, it is required to install thermometer and dry and wet thermometer in feed storage room, and check them in time The indoor temperature should be controlled below 10 ℃, the relative humidity should be less than 60%, and keep good ventilation Enterprises with conditions can adopt the method of low temperature ventilation storage, that is, the combination of low temperature and mechanical ventilation, so that the feed can reach the safe moisture content, which is not only suitable for granular feed, but also has obvious effect on the application of powder with high moisture content 2.4 kill rats and insects in time Use instruments, drugs, etc to exterminate rats; when finding raw feed insects, immediately pick out the raw feed insects, use safe and efficient insecticides for insecticidal treatment, and add insecticidal agent to the remaining feed to prevent the occurrence of moths 2.5 requirements for feed stacking and sun exposure: 2.5.1 the warehouse for the first storage of feed shall be cleaned and thoroughly disinfected, and then wooden plates shall be padded on the ground to prevent feed moisture 2.5.2 when using bags for storage, if the temperature is higher than 10 ℃, the stacking shall not exceed 12 packages; if the temperature is lower than 10 ℃, the stacking shall not exceed 14 packages 2.5.3 when bulk storage is adopted, if the moisture content is more than 13%, the stacking height shall not be higher than 2.5m; if the moisture content is less than 13%, the stacking height is generally between 2.5m-4m 2.5.4 for the feed with long storage period, proper turning shall be carried out to strengthen ventilation, spread and develop hot spots, and prevent the feed from heating itself 2.5.5 one time feed should not be too much, and the mixed full price feed should not be stored for too long, no more than 1 month in summer and no more than 3 months in winter 2.5.6 if the feed needs to be stored for a long time, the principle of pushing through the old and bringing forth the new shall be followed The old feed shall be used first and shall not be mixed with the new Before storing the new feed, the old feed shall be thoroughly cleaned and strictly disinfected 2.6 add enzymes and antioxidants In recent years, it is a new type of high-efficient mould inhibitor in the world It can replace the enzyme system in the mould and prevent the normal oxygen absorption of the mould and the oxidative deterioration of the feed, so as to hinder the normal physiological function of the mould and achieve the anti mould effect 2.7 add feed mould inhibitor If propionic acid and its salts are added, the mould of feed can be effectively prevented 2.8 detoxification: in case of mildewing of feed, decisive measures shall be taken to detoxify to reduce the loss of mildewing The commonly used methods are: 2.8.1 physical method: 2.8.1.1 selection method: select and discard the local moldy or a small amount of feed artificially 2.8.1.2 UV radiation: UV radiation can be used for sterilization of feed that has been contaminated with mold or is about to be moldy 2.8.1.3 washing with water and then drying: wash the moldy feed with water and then dry it in the sun 2.8.1.4 soaking in sodium carbonate solution: soak in 5% sodium carbonate solution for 2-4 hours before drying 2.8.2 chemical method: 2.8.2.1 ammonia treatment: after soaking the moldy and deteriorated feed in ammonia water, it can be turned over and dried or fumigated around the stacked feed with ammonia water, etc all of these methods will achieve good results 2.8.2.3 add quicklime It can prevent the feed from being wet, and at the same time, it can also play the role of sterilization and disinfection 2.8.3 biological method: the stronger mycotoxins can be transformed into less toxic or non-toxic substances by using the biotransformation of microorganisms, such as fermentation 3 Summary: the moldy and rotten feed is the result of the large-scale growth and reproduction of the molds in the feed under the appropriate conditions and the production of toxins Mildew prevention is an important work of feed storage Therefore, the first measure is to strengthen the management of feed storage and cut off the growth conditions of mold Then, feed enzyme, antioxidant and mildew inhibitor are added in the production of feed, Therefore, the preservation period of feed can be extended properly; the next is to detoxify feed after it is found mildewed For feed with serious mildewed, detoxification is very difficult to be thorough, which can not be used for feeding livestock and poultry It should be discarded to prevent poisoning after feeding livestock and poultry References: 1 Zhou Qiangang et al 2003.5.4 China animal husbandry journal 2 Li Dagang 2003.10.5 China animal husbandry Journal