December 1 World AIDS Day: interpret the recent research results of HIV heavyweight highlights!

December 1, 2019 is the 32nd World AIDS Day; this year, the theme of China's publicity activities is "community mobilization and AIDS prevention, health China I action" According to some data, China has reported more than 950000 people living with HIV infection Although the overall epidemic situation is at a low level, in recent years, the number of young people, people aged 60 and over who are infected with HIV and patients has increased, which has attracted social attention In this paper, the editor of the recent scientists in the field of HIV research has made a large-scale research results, to share with you! Photo source: Science sub Journal of University of capital town: inducing too many Th1 cells will destroy the efficacy of HIV vaccine doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav1800 if HIV vaccine causes wrong immune response, the vaccination may be counterproductive Now, in a new study, researchers from the University of Emory and other research institutions in the United States have collected evidence from several non-human primate studies using SIV viruses closely related to HIV virus that building too many soft targets can weaken vaccination aimed at providing protection against virus infection HIV targets and replicates helper T cells (Th cells) that help the body produce an antiviral immune response They found that it was crucial that vaccines against HIV could not create more safe havens for the virus, and the results were published in the journal Science Translational Medicine In order to induce a strong immune response, the vaccine should stimulate the production of an appropriate amount of Th cells, which will increase the sensitivity to the virus, the researchers said Problems arise when vaccination produces too many specific types of type I helper T cells (Th1 cells) These cells migrate to mucosal tissues, such as the rectum, cervix and vagina In most infections, HIV / SIV first enters the body from mucosal tissue 【2】 Science: heavyweight! Breakthrough HIV vaccine design strategy emerging doi: 10.1126/science.aax4380 In a new study, researchers from Scripps Institute and other research institutions in the United States have successfully verified the principle of an advanced HIV vaccine strategy, which may also effectively protect people from other deadly infectious diseases The relevant research results are published in science journal The new vaccine strategy focuses on stimulating the immune system to produce broad neutralizing antibodies (bNAb) against HIV These special antibodies can bind to the important but inaccessible regions on the surface of HIV, and the differences between these regions are not significant among different HIV strains, so they can neutralize many different rapidly mutated HIV strains Vaccines that produce such antibodies can save millions of lives and billions of dollars, and may ultimately help eliminate the major public health problem of AIDS Based on a concept called germline targeting, the new strategy could block millions of different virus strains spreading around the world So far, it has been difficult to achieve this goal No candidate HIV vaccine has been found to induce protective bNAb responses in humans 【3】 JCI: new DNA technology for targeted delivery of anti HIV drugs doi: 10.1172/jci132779 recently, scientists at the Wistar Research Institute used the technology based on synthetic DNA to promote the production of HIV broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies in small and large animal models, providing conceptual validation for simple and effective next-generation HIV prevention and treatment methods Relevant research results were published in Journal of clinical In investigation magazine Although antiretroviral therapy has made remarkable progress in the treatment of HIV infection, new prevention and treatment methods are still needed to eradicate HIV infection Researchers isolated many very effective monoclonal antibodies from infected individuals, which can neutralize a variety of HIV strains Such monoclonal antibodies can be produced and administered as passive immunotherapy and represent promising methods in early clinical research However, the wide use of recombinant monoclonal antibodies is still restricted by many factors: expression half-life, production cost to support the required high dose, temperature stability, preparation problems and production restrictions of antibody combination 【4】 Jaids: heavyweight! Since 2000, scientists have discovered the new HIV strain doi: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002246 for the first time Recently, a research report published in the International Journal Journal of acquired immune disease syndromes announced that scientists from Abbott and other institutions have discovered the first new HIV subtype in the world since 2000 Researchers Rodgers said that we have been looking for the virus, many people may not realize that HIV has more than one strain, now researchers are testing all the identified HIV strains to understand their different types The new HIV strain is HIV-1 M group and l subtype were first collected from the Democratic Republic of Congo in the 1980s, but only two samples can be tested by gene sequencing Researchers need a third sample to determine the form of the virus In 2001, they collected a very similar sample, but the sample can not be fully sequenced Of course, researchers can not synthesize the virus, and the sample The number is too small 【5】 JCI: the increase of immune response mediated by three kinds of antibodies is related to the decrease of risk of HIV transmission Doi: 10.1172/jci126391 the immune response related to the decrease of risk of infection is called the correlation of protection (COP) Clinical trials to measure vaccine induced antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses are helpful to determine factors related to HIV protection, which is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of a promising candidate HIV vaccine Georgia tomaras, Peter Gilbert, senior authors of the HIV vaccine trials network (HVTN), funded by the National Institute of allergy and infectious diseases (NIAID), and Scott Neidich, Youyi Fong and Shuying, first authors of the paper Under the leadership of Li, a new preliminary clinical study confirmed that the increase of antibody mediated FC γ receptor (FC γ R) recruitment, antibody dependent cell phagocytosis (ADCP) and anti env IgG3, three antibody mediated immune responses, was related to the decrease of HIV transmission The related research results were published in the Journal of clinical investigation Photo source: Wikipedia [6] science sub Journal: new insights on the formation of latent HIV virus library help to develop better therapies doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw5589 antiretroviral therapy (Art) can suppress HIV to an almost undetectable level, and people who receive the drug can live for many years But the treatment can't eradicate the virus completely; it persists in virus pools within immune cells, a phenomenon known as latency Even if a person starts treatment early after infection, the latent HIV virus library will still form, but the dynamic change of the formation of the virus library is still unclear to a large extent Now, in a new study, researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Columbia University, Temple University and the University of Cape Town, KwaZulu Natal University in South Africa have found evidence that the initial use of art can change the host environment, which makes most long-standing HIV virus pools form or become stable, and they can survive thereafter For many years, relevant research results have been published in the Journal of Science Translational Medicine 【7】 Science subjournal: high resolution visual observation of how HIV virus proliferates in vivo Doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw8651 has been used to treat diseases People must understand how it is produced In a new study, researchers from Germany and other countries now use high-resolution imaging technology to visualize how HIV spreads between living cells at millisecond resolution Using ultra-high resolution STED fluorescence microscopy, they have provided direct evidence for the first time that a lipid environment has been constructed for its own replication from an HIV pathogen, the HIV virus In response, they created a method to study how replication of the virus might be potentially blocked, and the results were published in the journal Science advanced In this paper, the researchers focused on closing the gate on the host cytoplasmic membrane, through which HIV appears in the host cell after infection They used gag, a protein that coordinates the maturation process of HIV, as a marker, where the protein accumulates, the decisive process that causes the virus to self release and infect other cells 【8】 JCI: clinical trials show that HIV antibody response will occur within 6 weeks after HIV vaccination Doi: 10.1172/jci128699 in an early stage clinical study in the United States, four randomized treatment groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) were given different DNA (dna-hiv-pt123) and egg white (AIDSVAX) respectively B / E) vaccine combination to determine which vaccine combination will induce favorable HIV specific antibody and T cell response Under the leadership of Dr Nadine rouphael of the AIDS research center of the University of Emory and Dr Michael Keefer of the University of Rochester Medical Center, the new study confirmed that DNA (dna-hiv-pt123) and protein (AIDSVAX B / E) vaccine combinations induce high-intensity long-term binding antibody response, and when combined with this vaccine combination (i.e given at the same time) DNA vaccine and protein vaccine), a more rapid potential protective immune response can be observed, and the relevant research results are published in the Journal of clinical investigation The clinical study, HVTN 105, was conducted by the HIV vaccine trials network (HVTN) at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and funded by the National Institute of allergy and infectious diseases (NIAID), a division of the National Institutes of health The HVTN 105 clinical study recruited 140 participants with a lower risk of HIV infection HVTN 105 is designed on the basis of the promising results of the RV144 / Thai clinical trial led by the U.S Army, among which RV144 / Thai clinical trial is the first clinical trial to prove that the vaccine is effective in preventing HIV infection so far 【9】 Mbio: over the past 30 years, the molecular switch doi: 10.1128/mbio.02016-19 has been identified to kill latent HIV In a new study, researchers from the medical school of the University of California, San Diego, have identified a key cytokine controlling the proliferation of HIV in immune cells by using gene sequencing Shutting down or removing the cytokines can clear the dormant HIV virus library The results are published in the Journal mbio The researchers say this is one of the key switches the HIV field has been looking for for for 30 years The most exciting part of the discovery has never been seen before Through gene modification of a long-chain non coding RNA (lncrna), we prevent the rebound of HIV in T cells and microglia cells after the cessation of antiretroviral therapy, which shows that we have potential therapeutic targets for eradicating HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 【10】 Nat Med breakthrough: finding a high