Current situation and trend of transgenic soybean production

Introduction: June 18 news: it is generally believed that using variety resistance is the most effective way to control diseases, insect pests and weeds It is of great significance for improving the yield and quality of soybean and reducing environmental pollution to introduce the target resistance genes and obtain transgenic resistant varieties 1 Current situation of industrialization of genetically modified soybean After obtaining transgenic tobacco for the first time in 1983, insect resistant and herbicide resistant transgenic cotton was approved to enter the field test for the first time in 1986 So far, nearly 50 countries have approved thousands of transgenic plants to enter the field test, involving more than 60 plant species In recent years, the planting area of transgenic plants in the world has grown rapidly The number of countries planting transgenic plants increased from 1 in 1992 to 12 in 1999, and further expanded to 16 in 2001 The planting area of global transgenic plants was only 1.7 million Hm2 in 1996, 11 million Hm2 in 1997, and increased to 27.8 million Hm2 in 1998, 44% more than that in 1998, reaching 39.9 million Hm2 in 2000 The planting area of global transgenic crops was 44.2 million Hm2 in 2001, and increased to 52.6 million hm2 The commercialization of genetically modified plants in the United States is developing rapidly, and its popularization and application are at the forefront of other countries In 1994, the transgenic extended ripening tomato developed by calgene company of the United States entered into commercial production for the first time By May 2000, 47 transgenic plants were approved for commercial production, including 3 soybeans In 1994, Monsanto's glyphosate resistant soybean, 1997 DuPont's high octadecenoic acid (oleic acid) soybean and 1998 agreve's glyphosate resistant soybean In 2001, 35.7 million Hm2 transgenic plants were planted in the United States, accounting for 68% In 2001, the dominant transgenic soybean accounted for 63% of the global transgenic crops In 2001, transgenic soybean maintained the position of the largest planting area According to the global situation, in 2001, transgenic soybean accounted for 33.3 million Hm2; transgenic corn 9.8 million Hm2, 19% of the global transgenic crops; transgenic cotton 6.8 million Hm2, 13%; canola 2.7 million Hm2, 5% During the six years from 1996 to 2001, herbicide resistant varieties have been continuously dominant and insect resistance is second In 2001, herbicide resistant soybeans, corn and cotton accounted for 77% of the total 52.6 million Hm2; only 7.8 million Hm2 of transgenic crops were planted, equivalent to 15% of the total area; among them, herbicide resistant and insect resistant cotton and corn with the stacked gene accounted for 8% of the total transgenic crops in 2001 It should be noted that the area of herbicide tolerant crops increased from 28.1 million Hm2 to 40.6 million Hm2 in 1999 and 2001 At the same time, the herbicide resistant and Bt crops with stacked gene also increased from 2.9 million Hm2 in 1999 to 4.2 million Hm2 in 2001 On the contrary, the global planting area of transgenic insect resistant crops has decreased from 8.9 million Hm2 in 1999 to 7.8 million Hm2 in 2001 The data shows that in 2001, 46% of the total planting area of 72 million Hm2 of soybeans were transgenic varieties Similarly, 20% of the 34 million Hm2 cotton, 11% of the 25 million Hm2 rape and 7% of the 140 million Hm2 corn are transgenic varieties If the total area of these four crops in the world is 271 million Hm2, 19% of them, 52.6 million Hm2, are genetically modified crops 2 The application of herbicide resistant transgenic crops has great economic and social benefits, but there are also some risks One of the biggest risks of planting herbicide resistant transgenic crops is "weeding", including the "weeding" of the resistant crops themselves, and the "drift" of the resistant genes to the weeds, leading to the emergence of resistant weeds There are also problems such as the impact on the environment, the safety of food, the stability of resistance genes, and the acceleration of the occurrence of resistant weeds Monsanto evaluated the food safety of glyphosate resistant transgenic soybean variety 40-3-2 The results showed that there was no significant difference in the content of all amino acids between the transgenic soybean variety and the common soybean variety, and there was no difference in the content of endogenous protein allergens and their contents between the transgenic soybean variety and the common soybean variety The results also showed that the structure of cp4epsps was not similar to the known toxic protein, and the acute rat feeding experiment also showed that cp4epsps was non-toxic However, the food safety of herbicide resistant transgenic crops is unpredictable, which must be monitored for a long time Some experiments have shown that the sensitivity of transgenic soybean to high temperature is higher than that of traditional soybean, and the genetically modified soybean can not get high yield, even lower yield than some conventional good varieties, because the internal genetic background of a crop can not tolerate an alien gene, and the expression of herbicide resistant or BT insect resistant protein needs to consume metabolic energy Some researches believe that glyphosate is the third harmful to human health in all pesticides Glyphosate can make legumes produce a kind of phytoestrogens, which will replace hormones in animals and damage the reproductive system Because glyphosate can stay in the soil for a long time, it will harm the animals in the soil, pollute the groundwater, and destroy the soil biochemical cycle It should be pointed out that the safety of transgenic crops can not be concluded only based on the above considerations Every newly developed genetically modified crop must be dealt with individually to assess its possible risks, so as to ensure the high safety of the genetically modified crop and its processed food during the environmental release and market release Soybean is native to China China has abundant wild soybean resources Almost all the places where soybean is planted have wild soybean distribution As there is no reproductive isolation between cultivated soybean and wild soybean, once the transgenic plants escape to the wild soybean population, the original characters of wild soybean will be destroyed, its herbicide resistant characteristics can also make it become weeds, its propagation and spread will cause losses to soybean production, resulting in the loss of genetic diversity Therefore, the safety management of transgenic soybean is particularly important for China In order to prevent the future, the former State Science and Technology Commission issued the measures for the safety management of genetic engineering in December 1993, and the State Council issued the regulations for the safety management of agricultural genetically modified organisms in May 2001, establishing the inter ministerial joint meeting system for the safety management of agricultural genetically modified organisms In July 2001, the Ministry of Agriculture issued the administrative measures for the safety evaluation of agricultural genetically modified organisms, the administrative measures for the import safety of agricultural genetically modified organisms and the administrative measures for the labeling of agricultural genetically modified organisms, and set up the agricultural genetically modified organisms safety committee to be responsible for the safety evaluation of agricultural genetically modified organisms The safety committee of agricultural genetically modified organisms is composed of experts engaged in research, production, processing, inspection and Quarantine of agricultural genetically modified organisms, as well as health and environmental protection The three management measures are to be formally implemented on March 20, 2002 Because genetically modified soybean is the first batch of agricultural genetically modified organisms to implement labeling management, and in recent years, the import of soybean is the first in the import of agricultural products, the introduction of genetically modified regulations and implementation rules will have a profound impact on soybean 3 Research and development trend of genetically modified soybeans: with the continuous improvement of people's awareness of the safety of genetically modified plants, more countries and regions will accept genetically modified herbicide soybeans, and the planting scope and area of genetically modified soybeans will continue to expand, which will bring greater benefits At present, the main body of transgenic soybean is herbicide resistant varieties In the future, insect resistance and improvement of nutritional components (such as fatty acid composition) will be the focus of transgenic soybean DuPont has developed a new soybean line with low levels of antinutritional factors, such as oligosaccharide, stachyose, raffinose and galactose Some new progress has also been made in improving soybean oil quality The main component of soybean oil is the heat unstable polyunsaturated fatty acid In order to improve the thermal stability of soybean oil, the past practice is to carry out industrial hydrogenation of soybean oil to convert polyunsaturated fatty acids into monounsaturated fatty acids, but the consequence is to produce some harmful substances that have adverse effects on human body The ideal way is to change the genetic composition of plants so that they can produce monounsaturated fatty acids directly Mazur et al (1999) through long-term unremitting efforts, obtained a new soybean line with the relative content of seed oleic acid as high as 85%, which is 3.4 times higher than the original, and has excellent agronomic properties At present, this new line has begun to be planted on a large scale Their next goal is to develop new soybean lines with high content of 12,13-epoxicoleic acid and ricinoleic acid by using the corresponding genes of vernix and ricinus, and provide raw materials for the production of new chemical products (such as new paint curing agent, lubricating oil and degradable plastics) At present, they have introduced the modified target gene into the soybean genome and expressed it in seeds A new technology recently developed by researchers at Monsanto will enable scientists to find valuable genetic information from wild or alien soybean varieties and make use of it They found and studied this gene information from the public Germplasm Resource Bank of the U.S Department of agriculture According to Monsanto, there are a lot of gene information stored in the gene germplasm resource bank that can be consulted and used by researchers all over the world, which fully shows the great value of the gene germplasm resource bank, which will help to protect gene diversity and encourage the development of better crops Significant progress has been made in the key basic research and development planning project (973) "construction of crop core germplasm, exploration and effective utilization of important new genes" A group of important new genes will be located, mapped and named, and a group of new genes with independent intellectual property rights that can be used for value engineering will be isolated and cloned Finally, it is applied to transgenic breeding, laying the foundation for the second green revolution For example, the discovery of soybean resistance genes: it was found that the resistance of broad-spectrum resistance Kefeng 13 to soybean mosaic virus was controlled by one dominant gene, while the resistance of 95-5383 was controlled by one recessive gene, and the scar marker (2.1cm) closely linked to the gene was found The discovery of male sterility restorer gene in soybean meng006: the male sterility restorer gene in soybean meng006 is a pair of dominant genes The gene was located in the k-u24 linkage group of soybean by SSR marker, and the SSR marker satt441 with a linkage distance of 9.2cm was found The other cytoplasmic sterility restorer gene was located in the j linkage group, with a distance of 14.6 and 16, respectively, from the SSR primers satt596 and satt414 .4cM Xig