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Introduction: Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS), that is, artificially synthesized sugar substitutes, are characterized by both enjoying delicious food and being "sweet and healthy"
The global prevalence of overweight, obesity and hyperglycemia has increased significantly in children and adults over the past 40 years
To reduce sugar intake, the most common strategy is to replace dietary sugars with non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) such as saccharin, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, and stevia
However, is replacing sugar with artificial sweeteners really effective in fighting obesity and lowering blood sugar levels?
In 2014, Eran Elinav's team at the Weizmann Institute of Science found that non-nutritive sweeteners affect the microbiome of mice, thereby affecting their blood sugar responses
team screened 1,375 people who strictly avoided the use of non-nutritive sweeteners and selected 120 subjects for follow-up experiments
The experiment was divided into six groups: two control groups and four experimental groups
To determine the effect of sweeteners on blood sugar, participants wore a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) for 29 days throughout the trial and underwent glucose tolerance tests on scheduled days
The researchers found that the composition of the microbes extracted from the stool samples of some volunteers began to change, with the most significant samples from volunteers consuming saccharin and sucralose, while the other two sugar substitutes also had some effect.
In addition to changes in microbial composition, molecules secreted into the peripheral circulation were also significantly altered
Non-nutritive sweetener affects human microbiome and alters glycemic response
To establish cause and effect, the researchers transferred microbial samples from study subjects to germ-free mice
The researchers found that when the gut microbiomes of all participants who consumed artificial sweeteners were transplanted into germ-free mice, the mice showed very similar changes in blood sugar
"The effects of sweeteners vary from person to person because of the uniqueness of our microbiome," Elinav said.
"Meanwhile, the detrimental effects of sugar on metabolic health force us to continue to look for alternatives," Elinav said.
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