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Written byThe ninth oak tree
sourceLilac Academic
Every summer, there is always a group of people who are chased by mosquitoes, even if the whole body is tightly wrapped, they cannot escape the pervasive invasion of mosquitoes, which is unbearable
.
What is the reason for this part of the mosquito preference?
On October 18, 2022, the team of Leslie Vosshall of The Rockefeller University in New York, USA, gave a presentation on Cell title: Differential mosquito attraction to humans is associated with skin-derived carboxylic acid levels
.
The study found that the different attraction of humans to mosquitoes is related to the level of carboxylic acid produced by human skin, with higher levels of carboxylic acid
produced on the skin of people who are highly attracted to mosquitoes.
At present, the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which has been invaded around the world, is an efficient virus transmission vector, spreading yellow fever, dengue fever, Zika virus disease and other infectious diseases, causing countless lives to be lost
.
A female mosquito will bite dozens of people throughout her life to get enough nutrients to complete growth and reproduction
.
Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes have a strong innate drive to "locate" humans, using multiple sensory cues, including exhaled carbon dioxide, body temperature, and skin odor, to seek out humans to bite and try to spread the virus
.
Some people are more likely to attract mosquitoes than others, but the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon is still poorly
understood.
In the study, the researchers took 64 human subjects, collected samples of their skin odors, analyzed the attractiveness of these odors to mosquitoes, and finally ranked
the subjects from the most attractive to least attractive according to the number of mosquitoes attracted.
This difference in mosquito attraction remained stable over several months and was observed in both different wild-type Aedes aegypti strains
.
What attracts mosquitoes?
So, what sensory mechanism do mosquitoes rely on to detect differences in skin odor between human individuals?
The researchers tested in a variety of mutant mosquitoes with olfactory gene defects, and found that although mosquitoes lacking the Orco gene lost the ability to distinguish between human and non-human animal odors, the Orco mutants were no different from wild-type controls and were still able to distinguish between humans
.
Similarly, mutant mosquitoes lacking the chemoreceptors Ir8a, Ir25a, or Ir76b retained the ability to distinguish between people with high and low attraction, although their attraction to
human odors was severely impaired.
To determine which components of human odor are important for mosquitoes, the researchers analyzed human odor samples using gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/QTOF-MS
).
Because IR co-receptor (Ir8a, Ir25a, or Ir76b) mutants are significantly less attractive to humans, ionic receptors (IRs) react primarily to acids and amines, allowing mosquitoes to seek out and bite their hosts
more aggressively.
Therefore, the researchers focused their chemical analysis on acidic compounds detected by the IR pathway
.
They found 49 enriched differential signatures in human odor samples that were highly attractive to mosquitoes, and finally identified 9 of them as linear fatty acids
.
This result shows that people who are highly attracted to mosquitoes produce higher levels of carboxylic acid
on their skin.
To confirm this finding, the researchers recruited 56 new human subjects in the validation study and used a higher-throughput single-stimulus olfactory assay to screen subjects for mosquito attraction
.
Through metabolomics experiments, it was finally determined that the levels of three carboxylic acids were significantly higher than those in the low attraction group in people with high attraction to mosquitoes, which were pentadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid and nonanolic acid
.
The results once again confirm the link between
high levels of skin carboxylic acid and attraction to mosquitoes.
Interestingly, there was an exception in the study, where one of the subjects (No.
90) contained high levels of carboxylic acid in the smell emitted by his skin, but only a weak attraction
to mosquitoes.
The researchers speculate that subject 90 may produce higher levels of natural mosquito repellents to counteract elevated carboxylic acid levels, but more research is needed to confirm
this.
The cause of mosquito control is a long
way to go, and it is worth mentioning that the corresponding author of this article, Leslie Vosshall of The Rockefeller University The professor's research team has been deeply engaged in the field of mosquito research for a long time, and has gradually uncovered the mystery
of mosquitoes' preference for human odors.
Corresponding author Professor Leslie Vosshall (Image: Rockefeller University)
Leslie Vosshall on August 18 The professor's team published a research paper on the Cell: Non-canonical odor coding in the mosquito, and found that the mosquito's olfactory system has evolved a complex "fail-safe device" - a single olfactory neuron of mosquitoes has multiple types of chemical receptors.
Different odors can be detected, ensuring that they can always smell the human smell
.
The study overturns the traditional neural circuit model used in the animal's olfactory system to detect and distinguish thousands of different odors, and even the olfactory mechanism
discovered by Nobel laureates Linda Barker and Richard Axel.
Based on this research, Leslie Vosshall has proposed that any future attempts to control mosquitoes through mosquito repellent or other means must take into account how unbreakable
our olfactory attraction is.
<b20.
> the great cause of mosquito prevention has a long way to go on the road of public health construction.
This study provides a new answer to why some people are more attractive to mosquitoes, which is related to the level of carboxylic acid produced by human skin.
This will provide useful information
for understanding the mechanisms of mosquito bite preference for reducing human attraction to mosquitoes and curbing the spread of dangerous arboviruses, or for developing more effective mosquito repellents.
Links to papers: https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
cell.
2022.
09.
034
https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
cell.
2022.
05.
01
open for reprinting, welcome to forward to Moments and WeChat groups
sourceLilac Academic
Every summer, there is always a group of people who are chased by mosquitoes, even if the whole body is tightly wrapped, they cannot escape the pervasive invasion of mosquitoes, which is unbearable
.
What is the reason for this part of the mosquito preference?
On October 18, 2022, the team of Leslie Vosshall of The Rockefeller University in New York, USA, gave a presentation on Cell title: Differential mosquito attraction to humans is associated with skin-derived carboxylic acid levels
.
The study found that the different attraction of humans to mosquitoes is related to the level of carboxylic acid produced by human skin, with higher levels of carboxylic acid
produced on the skin of people who are highly attracted to mosquitoes.
At present, the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which has been invaded around the world, is an efficient virus transmission vector, spreading yellow fever, dengue fever, Zika virus disease and other infectious diseases, causing countless lives to be lost
.
A female mosquito will bite dozens of people throughout her life to get enough nutrients to complete growth and reproduction
.
Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes have a strong innate drive to "locate" humans, using multiple sensory cues, including exhaled carbon dioxide, body temperature, and skin odor, to seek out humans to bite and try to spread the virus
.
Some people are more likely to attract mosquitoes than others, but the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon is still poorly
understood.
In the study, the researchers took 64 human subjects, collected samples of their skin odors, analyzed the attractiveness of these odors to mosquitoes, and finally ranked
the subjects from the most attractive to least attractive according to the number of mosquitoes attracted.
This difference in mosquito attraction remained stable over several months and was observed in both different wild-type Aedes aegypti strains
.
What attracts mosquitoes?
So, what sensory mechanism do mosquitoes rely on to detect differences in skin odor between human individuals?
The researchers tested in a variety of mutant mosquitoes with olfactory gene defects, and found that although mosquitoes lacking the Orco gene lost the ability to distinguish between human and non-human animal odors, the Orco mutants were no different from wild-type controls and were still able to distinguish between humans
.
Similarly, mutant mosquitoes lacking the chemoreceptors Ir8a, Ir25a, or Ir76b retained the ability to distinguish between people with high and low attraction, although their attraction to
human odors was severely impaired.
To determine which components of human odor are important for mosquitoes, the researchers analyzed human odor samples using gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/QTOF-MS
).
Because IR co-receptor (Ir8a, Ir25a, or Ir76b) mutants are significantly less attractive to humans, ionic receptors (IRs) react primarily to acids and amines, allowing mosquitoes to seek out and bite their hosts
more aggressively.
Therefore, the researchers focused their chemical analysis on acidic compounds detected by the IR pathway
.
They found 49 enriched differential signatures in human odor samples that were highly attractive to mosquitoes, and finally identified 9 of them as linear fatty acids
.
This result shows that people who are highly attracted to mosquitoes produce higher levels of carboxylic acid
on their skin.
To confirm this finding, the researchers recruited 56 new human subjects in the validation study and used a higher-throughput single-stimulus olfactory assay to screen subjects for mosquito attraction
.
Through metabolomics experiments, it was finally determined that the levels of three carboxylic acids were significantly higher than those in the low attraction group in people with high attraction to mosquitoes, which were pentadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid and nonanolic acid
.
The results once again confirm the link between
high levels of skin carboxylic acid and attraction to mosquitoes.
Interestingly, there was an exception in the study, where one of the subjects (No.
90) contained high levels of carboxylic acid in the smell emitted by his skin, but only a weak attraction
to mosquitoes.
The researchers speculate that subject 90 may produce higher levels of natural mosquito repellents to counteract elevated carboxylic acid levels, but more research is needed to confirm
this.
The cause of mosquito control is a long
way to go, and it is worth mentioning that the corresponding author of this article, Leslie Vosshall of The Rockefeller University The professor's research team has been deeply engaged in the field of mosquito research for a long time, and has gradually uncovered the mystery
of mosquitoes' preference for human odors.
Corresponding author Professor Leslie Vosshall (Image: Rockefeller University)
Leslie Vosshall on August 18 The professor's team published a research paper on the Cell: Non-canonical odor coding in the mosquito, and found that the mosquito's olfactory system has evolved a complex "fail-safe device" - a single olfactory neuron of mosquitoes has multiple types of chemical receptors.
Different odors can be detected, ensuring that they can always smell the human smell
.
The study overturns the traditional neural circuit model used in the animal's olfactory system to detect and distinguish thousands of different odors, and even the olfactory mechanism
discovered by Nobel laureates Linda Barker and Richard Axel.
Based on this research, Leslie Vosshall has proposed that any future attempts to control mosquitoes through mosquito repellent or other means must take into account how unbreakable
our olfactory attraction is.
<b20.
> the great cause of mosquito prevention has a long way to go on the road of public health construction.
This study provides a new answer to why some people are more attractive to mosquitoes, which is related to the level of carboxylic acid produced by human skin.
This will provide useful information
for understanding the mechanisms of mosquito bite preference for reducing human attraction to mosquitoes and curbing the spread of dangerous arboviruses, or for developing more effective mosquito repellents.
Links to papers: https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
cell.
2022.
09.
034
https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
cell.
2022.
05.
01
open for reprinting, welcome to forward to Moments and WeChat groups
