Cell . . . The latest and most comprehensive, Zhou Jianmin/ Zhang Yuelin system inventory plant immune perception and signal overview (worth collecting)

Inature plants use a variety of cell surface and intracellular immune receptors to sense a variety of immunogenic signals related to pathogen infection, and then activate the defense system.the main defense hormone, salicylic acid (SA), enhances immune signal transduction, which reprogrammes transcriptome for defense.on May 21, 2020, Zhou Jianmin, Institute of genetic development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Zhang Yuelin, University of British Columbia, published an online communication entitled "plant immunity: danger perception and This review focuses on the latest progress of immune receptor activation mechanism, summarizes the current understanding of its signal transduction mechanism, and discusses the update model of SA perception and signal transduction.in addition, the review discusses how to organize different receptors into networks and what these networks mean in integrating complex hazard signals for appropriate defense outputs.terrestrial plants are naturally associated with a variety of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi and oomycetes.different from ordinary microorganisms or beneficial microorganisms, pathogenic microorganisms not only deprive nutrition, but also disrupt physiological processes, inhibit growth, and cause tissue damage to their hosts by producing toxins, destroying enzymes and highly toxic proteins in cell walls. Br / >the ability of the plant to activate the main pathogens is to differentiate them from the common pathogens.higher plants have a large number of cell surface and intracellular immune receptors, which can sense a variety of immunogenic signals related to pathogen infection.cellular surface immune receptors are composed of receptor like proteins (RLP) and receptor kinases (rks), which are conceptually similar to toll like receptors in animals.intracellular immune receptors in plants are nucleotide bound, and leucine rich repeat receptors (NLR) also exist in animals.in plants, cell surface immune receptors are responsible for sensing microbial or host derived immunogenic molecular patterns, and are called pattern recognition receptors (PRRS), while NLR specifically senses pathogen effector proteins delivered to the cell surface.an example of prr-rk interaction for signal integration (from cell) has made significant progress in deciphering plant immune signals controlled jointly by PRR and NLR in the past decade, especially in Arabidopsis thaliana.this review summarizes the current understanding of how immune receptor activation leads to major downstream signaling events, such as the influx of calcium, the explosion of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the production of immunogenic peptides and defense hormones.this review highlights recent breakthroughs that have greatly improved our understanding of how to activate NLR to initiate defense signals.in addition, this review discusses how different immune receptors form surveillance networks to integrate different immunogenic signals, which may be the key to explain the threat of pathogen attack for effective defense.in addition, the review highlights recent breakthroughs in biosynthesis and perception of the major defense hormone salicylic acid (SA), which plays a key role in enhancing PRR and NLR mediated signal transduction.the working model of SA and NHP mediated immune regulation (from cell) in general, the research in the last 30 years has established a solid framework for the plant immune system. studies of PRR and NLR networks emphasize the enormous complexity of risk perception, which may require the integration of multiple immunogenic signals. rlck has become a key role in defense signaling, linking PRR to downstream calcium channels, NADPH oxidase, MAPK cascade, etc. the recent structural and functional analysis of NLR provides new ideas for the signal transduction mechanism of CC and TIR domains. the study of the SA receptors NPR1 and Npr3 / npr4 provides a new idea for how SA promotes the expression of defense genes and plays a major signal amplification role in PRR and NLR pathways. at the same time, the latest completion of the biosynthesis pathway of SA and NHP in Arabidopsis has provided a better understanding of their regulation and the crosstalk between these two key defense signals. although significant progress has been made in plant immune signal research, there are still many unsolved problems, such as how to coordinate different PRRS to assist lrr-rk and scaffold proteins in MAMP sensing and immune activation; how upstream TNL activates RNL and NRC to perform immune signal transmission; how NLR and PRR pathways interact; and how plants perceive NHP stimulated sard1 and cbp60 G expression. solving these problems will fill the gap in our understanding of plant defense networks. in addition, a comparative study of plant defense pathways across different plant species will enable us to better understand the evolution of plant immunity. reference message: