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Fight cunning sugar, just use white water?
Sugar is one of the most important nutrients in the human body, and sweetness is also a pleasant taste experience, but everything is too much
.
Excessive sugar intake may lead to weight and fat gain, and mediate the development and progression of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes [1].
Unfortunately, even if you know that excessive sugar is harmful, it is difficult for people to subjectively control their sugar intake, because cunning sugar will raise the brain's tolerance threshold for sugar [2], in short, the more you eat sweets, the less you feel the sweetness, so as to seek sweeter foods to satisfy yourself, as if "addicted
".
Not only will the more you eat, the sweeter you eat, but the more you eat, the more unhappy you are?
Early studies on food addiction suggested that excessive intake of sweetness and fat activates taste receptors, aftertaste signals, and the neuropeptide system, leading to overeating and obesity [3].
The researchers found evidence in animal experiments that animals in the daily sweet-fat group experienced significant overeating, and significant weight fluctuations before and after overeating, and in the same experiment, the researchers also found that the animals' sweet-eating behavior was similar to opioid addiction [3].
Fig.
1 Overeating and weight fluctuations after sugar and fat abstinence
Not only that, psychological research also pointed out that overeating people are not satisfied with eating sweets, and excessive intake of sweets may aggravate their anxiety and depression [4]; There are even cardiometabolic studies that suggest that more sugar is associated with a higher risk of metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular death [5].
That is, it will change from "sweet happiness" to "sweet sadness", and it will also become fat and sick .
.
.
I have to say, sugar is really too cunning! And because of the aforementioned sugar threshold changes and withdrawals, it's really hard to quit sugar! Fortunately, researchers have not given up on research.
.
.
The neural mechanism of early sugar addiction is mainly concentrated in fruit flies, and although many positive results have been obtained [6,7], the differences between fruit flies and humans are not enough to improve our confidence in
"quitting sugar".
Not long ago, a rat study published in Cell [8] found similar evidence in mammals, which has higher reference value
considering that humans and mice have very similar taste feedback pathways [9].
Figure 2 The study was recently published in CELL's journal Current Biology
to quit sugar, starting with replacing whole sugar milk tea with white water!
The study revealed how cunning sugar "escapes" through the mice's neural pathways, allowing them to automatically seek out sweeter foods
.
Specifically, the researchers conducted a randomized controlled experiment on rats, in which the experimental group was fed a high-sugar diet (30% liquid sucrose) and fed with sugar-free drinking water as a control, with other feeding components unchanged
.
During the study, the experimenters tried to replace some rats in the experimental group with non-sugar drinking water, and tracked changes in taste cells and changes in the peripheral nerve tympanosis nerve that innervates the taste papilla at the front of the tongue
, the tympanochord nerve.
Fig.
3 Schematic diagram of taste bud distribution and nerve conduction of mouse tongue
After only 4 weeks of high-sugar feeding, the number of PLCβ2+ taste bud cells in the taste papillae of liquid sucrose-fed rats was significantly reduced compared with the control group, resulting in a 50%
decrease in the perception of sweetness in the experimental group.
Converted to humans, it is equivalent to drinking half sugar milk tea for a month, you will feel that half sugar milk tea is not sweet enough, you have to change to full sugar! Subtly, those foods that "don't taste sweet" have actually tricked you into eating a lot of sugar
.
The good news is that although a 4-week high-sugar diet will fool our taste buds and even our brains, the effects are reversible and we still have a chance to save
ourselves blinded by sugar.
As mentioned earlier, the research group randomly selected a subset of rats in the experimental group and resumed drinking water feeding
after 4 weeks of high-sugar feeding.
Fig.
4 Restored drinking water fed rats are in the Recover group
After 4 weeks of drinking water feeding, the PLCβ2+ taste bud cells of the experimental group recovered and their perception of sugar returned to normal levels! In other words, 4 weeks of plain water freed the rats from sugar deception
.
Fig.
5 After drinking water feeding, the taste bud cells of rats in the Recovery group were restored
Since PLCβ2+ taste bud cells are primarily responsible for presenting taste information to the chordal nerve [9], the researchers also explored the effects
of this reduction on other tastes.
Interestingly, the responses of the experimental rats to bitterness, acidity and umami were not significantly different from
those before high-sugar feeding.
In the article, the researchers point out: "The effect of
sugar on the peripheral taste system is specific and selective.
”
All in all, the occasional sweet tooth intake may make people feel happy, but a long-term high-sugar diet can bring a range of health risks
.
This study in CELL sub-journal shows that short-term high sugar intake will also directly affect the perception of sweetness by taste receptors, even if it is not considered from a health point of view, it will make it more and more difficult for people who like sweetness to satisfy
.
References:
[1] Stanhope KL.
Sugar consumption, metabolic disease and obesity: The state of the controversy.
Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci.
2016; 53(1):52-67.
doi:10.
3109/10408363.
2015.
1084990
[2] May CE, Vaziri A, Lin YQ, et al.
High Dietary Sugar Reshapes Sweet Taste to Promote Feeding Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.
Cell Rep.
2019; 27(6):1675-1685.
e7.
doi:10.
1016/j.
celrep.
2019.
04.
027
[3] Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG.
Sugar and fat bingeing have notable differences in addictive-like behavior.
J Nutr.
2009; 139(3):623-628.
doi:10.
3945/jn.
108.
097584
[4] Reents J, Pedersen A.
Differences in Food Craving in Individuals With Obesity With and Without Binge Eating Disorder.
Front Psychol.
2021; 12:660880.
Published 2021 Jun 2.
doi:10.
3389/fpsyg.
2021.
660880
[5] style="margin-bottom: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.
75em;">[6] May CE, Rosander J, Gottfried J, Dennis E, Dus M.
Dietary sugar inhibits satiation by decreasing the central processing of sweet taste.
Elife.
2020; 9:e54530.
Published 2020 Jun 16.
doi:10.
7554/eLife.
54530
[7] Sung H, Vesela I, Driks H, et al.
High-sucrose diet exposure is associated with selective and reversible alterations in the rat peripheral taste system.
Curr Biol.
2022; 32(19):4103-4113.
e4.
doi:10.
1016/j.
cub.
2022.
07.
063
[8]von Molitor E, Riedel K, Krohn M, Rudolf R, Hafner M, Cesetti T.
An alternative pathway for sweet sensation: possible mechanisms and physiological relevance.
Pflugers Arch.
2020; 472(12):1667-1691.
doi:10.
1007/s00424-020-02467-1
[9]https://neurosciencenews.
com/high-sugar-diet-sweetness-21635/
